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Control of communicable diseases
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- 1Definition of a communicable disease:Definition: An illness caused by a specific agent, or its toxic product that results from transmission of that agent, or its products from an infected source to a susceptible host.
- 2Degrees of disease control and examples:Degrees of disease control:
Eradication: Smallpox.
Elimination: Polio.
Control: Diphtheria and mumps. - 3Epidemiological triangle: Apices: Linkages:Epidemiological triangle:
Apices:
Host (descriptive epidemiology)
Environment (environmental investigation)
Agent (laboratory investigation)
Linkages:
Immunity: host and environment.
Transmission: host and agent.
Survival: environment and agent.
All link via disease. - 4Epidemiological concepts: Incubation period: Generation time (serial interval): Epidemic curve:Epidemiological concepts:
Incubation period: Period in which host is infected before symptomatic/clinical disease. During this period there is a latent time and infectious period.
Generation time (serial interval): Average number of days taken by an ill person to transmit the infection to another person.
Epidemic curve: Illustrates the number of new cases per generation. - 5Terms: Reproduction number (R): Basic reproduction number (Ro):Terms:
Reproduction number (R): Measures the potential for an infection to spread in a community.
Basic reproduction number (Ro): The average number of persons directly infected by an infected person during the entire infectious period, when they enter a totally susceptible population. - 6What determines (Ro):What determines (Ro)= (Pi)x(K)x(D):
The risk of transmission per contact (Pi).
Number of contacts (K).
Duration of infectious period (D). - 7Spread of infection likelihood based on (Ro):Spread of infection likelihood based on (Ro):
<1: Disease will not spread.
=1: Disease will become endemic.
>1: Disease will cause an epidemic. - 8Effect of immunization:Effect of immunization:
If proportion P have been immunized, P x Ro will escape infection.
To prevent an epidemic: P>1-1/Ro - 9Herd immunity:Herd immunity:
The protection given when a large proportion of the population are protected against the spread of a disease.
Can be calculated from Ro.
H=(1-1/Ro)x100 - 10Why be concerned:Why be concerned:
Dynamic interaction between populations; dependency (source of new cases)
Important health effects (mortality/DALYS and morbidity
Understanding of an organism (immunity and novel organisms)
Urgency for public health action (potential for control or elimination)
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- Public health Fichas sobre Control of communicable diseases, creado por Ashutosh Kumar el 27/03/2017.
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- Ashutosh Kumar
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