Fichas
AQA GCSE Psychology Personality
Fichas del conjunto (44)
- 1PersonalityThe thoughts feelings and behaviours that make an individual unique
- 2TemperatmentThe genetic component of personality. It describes the way an individual responds to the environment and stays constant throughout life.
- 3Thomas, Chess and Birch AimTo discover whether ways of responding to the environment remain stable
throughout lfie - 4Thomas, Chess and Birch MethodThey studied 133 children from infancy to early adulthood. The children's behaviour was observed and their parents were interviewed. The parents were asked about the child's routine and it's reactions
to change. - 5Thomas, Chess and Birch ResultsThey found that the children fell into 3 types: Easy, (Were happy, flexible and regular) Difficult, (Were demanding, inflexible and cried a lot) and Slow to Warm Up (Did not respond well to change or new experiences to begin with, but once they had adapted, they were usually happy)
- 6Thomas, Chess and Birch ConclusionAs these ways of responding to the environment stayed with the children as they developed, Thomas, Chess and Birch concluded that temperament is innate.
- 7Buss and Plomin AimTo test the idea that temperament
is innate. - 8Buss and Plomin MethodThey studied 228 pairs of monozygotic twins and 172 [pairs of dizygotic twins. They rated the temperament of the twins when they were 5 years old. They looked at emotionality, activity and sociability
They then compared the scores of each pair of twins. - 9Buss and Plomin ResultsThere was a closer correlation between the scores of monozygotic twins than between the scores of dizygotic twins.
- 10Buss and Plomin ConclusionTemperament has a genetic basis
- 11Kagan and Snidman AimTo investigate whether temperament is due to biological differences
- 12Kagan and Snidman MethodThey studied the reactions the reactions of 4 month of babies to new situations. For the first minute, the baby was placed in a seat with the caregiver sitting nearby. For the next 3 minutes, the caregiver moved out of baby's view while the baby was shown different toys by the researcher.
- 13Kagan and Snidman Results20% of the babies cried, had vigorous movements of the arms and legs and arched their back.. (high reactive). 40% of the babies showed little movement or emotion, (low reactive). The remaining infants fell somewhere between the two.
11 years later, low reactives were calm and high reactives were shy. - 14Kagan and Snidman ConclusionThey concluded that these 2 temperaments are due to inherited in the way that the brain responds.
- 15Type TheoryPersonality types thought to be inherited they can be described using related traits.
- 16ExtroversionA personality type that describes those who look to the outside world for entertainment. They are sociable, have many friends and are outgoing.
- 17IntroversionA personality type that describes people that describes people who are content with their own company. They have few, but close friends, and are serious and organised.
- 18NeuroticismA personality type that describes people who have a strong but intense reaction to fear. They are anxious and moody.
- 19Eysenck AimTo investigate personality differences between people.
- 20Eysenck Method700 servicemen completed a questionnaire. Eysenck analyse the results using
factor analysis. - 21Eysenck ResultsHe identified 2 dimensions of personality. Extroversion-Introversion and
Neuroticism-Stability - 22Personality scalesWays of measuring personality using yes/no questions.
- 23PsychoticismA 3rd dimension identified by Eysenck. People who scored high in this dimension are hostile, aggressive, insensitive and cruel.
- 24Eysenck Personality Inventory EPI-Scale measures introversion-extroversion and neuroticism-stability.
-It is made up of yes/no questions.
-The 2 dimensions are independent of
each other - 25Eysenck Personality Questionnaire EPQ-Similar to the EPI, however includes a new dimension of personality: Psychotocism.
-3 dimensions are independent of
each other - 26Antisocial Personality DisorderA condition in which the individual does not use socially acceptable behaviours or consider the rights of others.
- 27Characteristics of APD- Being deceitful by lying, conning others and using aliases
- Being irritable and aggressive, often involved in physical fights or assaults.
- Lacking remorse by being indifferent to or finding reasons for hurting, mistreating or stealing from others.
- Being irresponsible by not holding down a job or paying back money. - 28DSMAPD is a condition listed in the DSM, and has a list of criteria as how to identify it.
APD can't be diagnosed for under 18's - 29AmygdalaPart of the brain involved in emotion
Responsible for learning negative consequences of actions and responding to fearful or sad facial expressions - 30Prefrontal cortexInvolved in social and moral behaviour and controls aggression.
Allows us to feel guilt - 31Biological causes of APD-Amygdala may be affected
- Reduction in grey matter in
prefrontal cortex - 32Raine et al AimTo support the theory that abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex cause APD
- 33Raine et al MethodMRI was used to study 21 men with APD and a control group of 34 healthy men. They were all volunteers.
- 34Raine et al ResultsThe APD group had an 11% reduction in the prefrontal grey matter compared to the control group
- 35Raine et al ConclusionAPD is caused by a reduction in the brain's grey matter
- 36Situational causes of APD-Socioeconomic factors
-Quality of life at home
-Educational factors - 37Farrington AimTo investigate the development of offending and antisocial behaviour in males studied from males studied from childhood to the age of 50.
- 38Farrington MethodLongitudinal study of the development of 411 males of deprived inner city of London. They were first studied at the age of 8 until 50. Their parents and teachers were also interviewed. Searches in the Criminal Records office determined whether they or family members had been convicted of a crime
- 39Farrington Results41% of males were convicted of at least 1 offence between the ages of 10 and 50.
The most important risk factors for offending were criminal behaviour in the family, low school achievement, poverty and poor parenting. - 40Farrington ConclusionSituational factors lead to the development of antisocial behaviour.
- 41Elander et al AimTo investigate the childhood risk factors that can be used to predict antisocial behaviour in adults
- 42Elander et al MethodResearchers investigated 225 twins diagnosed with childhood disorders and interviewed them 10-25 years later.
- 43Elander et al ResultsThey found that childhood hyperactivity, conduct disorders, low IQ and reading problems were strong predictors of APD and criminality in adult life.
- 44Elander et al ConclusionDisruptive behaviour in childhood can be used to predict APD in adulthood
Información
- Descripción
- All you need to know for the Personality topic! Enjoy =)
- Creado por
- Diana Domingues
- Visitas
- 76
- Etiquetas
- Valoración