Fichas
Final exam
Fichas del conjunto (115)
- 16&7 Tragedy of the CommonsThe tendency of a shared, unregulated public resource to become depleted by people acting in self-interest for short-term gain.
- 26&7 CoreInnermost zone of the planet, largely nickel and iron.
- 36&7 MantleAbove the core, contains magma (molten rock).
- 46&7 CrustThe outermost layer of the planet.
- 56&7 Plate TectonicsThe theory that states that Earth’s lithosphere is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion.
- 66&7 Richter ScaleA measure of the largest ground movement that occurs during an earthquake.
- 76&7 Rock CycleThe constant formation and destruction of rock.
This is the slowest of all of Earth’s cycles. - 86&7 Sedimentary rocksSediments such as mud, sands, or gravels are compressed by overlying sediments.
- 96&7 WeatheringRocks are exposed to air, water, certain chemicals, or biological agents that degrade the rock.
- 106&7 ErosionPhysical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem. Wind, water, ice transport, and living organisms can erode materials.
- 116&7 O Horizon (soil)Organic matter in various stages of decomposition.
- 126&7 A horizonZone of overlying organic material mixed with underlying mineral material.
- 136&7 B HorizonZone of accumulation of metals and nutrients.
- 146&7 C Horizon (subsoil)Least-weathered portion of the soil profile, similar to the parent material.
- 156&7 Surface miningRemoving minerals that are close to Earth’s surface. Strip mining and Open Pit mining.
- 166&7 Genetically Modified Organisms(GMO)A gene is transferred artificially to another organism to produce desirable traits in the recipient.
- 176&7 MonocultureThe cultivation of a single crop in a given area.
- 186&7 AquacultureThe cultivation of aquatic animals or plants for food.
- 196&7 Smart GrowthFocuses on strategies to encourage development of sustainable, healthy communities.
- 206&7 Organic agricultureOrganic agriculture produces crops without using synthetic pesticides or fertilizers.
- 216&7 DesertificationWhen soil is degraded by agriculture until it is no longer productive at all.
- 226&7 FertilizersThere are two types of fertilizers: organic and inorganic.
- 236&7 PesticidesA substance that kills or controls organisms that people consider pests.
- 246&7 IrrigationIrrigation of crops has transformed agriculture
Irrigation has many benefits, plus some drawbacks - 255 GDPThe value of all products and services produced in a year in that country.
- 265 Carrying CapacityThe limit of how many individuals in a population the food supply can sustain.
- 275 AffluenceThe state of having plentiful wealth; the possession of money, goods, or property.
- 285 IPATImpact= Population X Affluence X Technology
- 295 Infant Mortality RateThe # of deaths of children under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births.
- 305 MigrationThe movement of persons from one country or locality to another
- 315 Doubling Timethe number of years it takes a population to double.
- 325 Total fertility rate (TFR)an estimate of the average number of children that each woman in a population will bear.
- 335 Life expectancyThe average period that a person may expect to live.
- 345 Demographic transitionPhase 1: Slow population growth because there are high birth rates and high death rates that offset each other.
Phase 2: Rapid population growth because birth rates remain high but death rates decline due to better sanitation, clean drinking water, increased access to food and goods, and access to health care.
Phase 3: Stable population growth as the economy and educational system improves and people have fewer children.
Phase 4: Declining population growth because the relatively high level of affluence and economic development encourage women to delay having children. - 355 ImmigrationThe action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country.
- 365 Emigrationmigration from a place (especially migration from your native country in order to settle in another).
- 375 Age StructureA description of how many individuals fit into particular age categories.
- 385 Crude death rateThe number of deaths per 1000 individuals per year.
- 395 Family PlanningThe practice of regulating the number or spacing of offspring through the use of birth control.
- 405 Child mortality rateThe number of deaths of children under age 5 per 1,000 live births
- 415 Urban Populationcities, towns or conurbations, not villages
- 425 Crude birth rate (CBR)the number of births per 1000 individuals per year.
- 435 Population changeAnd increase or decrease of a population.
- 445 Community EcologyThe study of commensalism, competition predation, and mutualism.
- 455 Species RichnessThe number of a species in a given area.
- 461 Scientific MethodAn objective method to explore the natural world, draw inferences from it, and predict the outcomes of certain events, processes, or changes.
- 471 HypothesisTestable theory or an educated guess.
- 481 AccuracyHow close a measured vale is to the actual or true value.
- 491 PrecisionHow close the repeated measurements of a sample are to one another.
- 501 Inductive ReasoningThe process of making a general statement from specific facts or example.
- 511 Deductive ReasoningThe process of applying a general statement to specific facts of situations.
- 521 TheoryA hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested and confirmed by multiple groups of researchers and has reached wide acceptance.
- 531 Natural LawA theory for which there is no known exception & that has withstood rigorous testing.
- 541 Null HypothesisA statement or idea that can be falsified, or proved wrong.
- 551 Control GroupA group that experiences exactly the same conditions as the experimental group, except for the single variable under study.
- 562 ElementA substance composed of atoms that can't be broken down into smaller simpler components.
- 572 IsotopeAtoms of the same element w/ different numbers of neutrons.
- 58Negative FeedbackSystem responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring.
- 592 Positive FeedbackChange in a system is amplified.
- 602 Periodic TableA chart of all chemical elements currently known, organized by their properties.
- 612 MoleculeA particle containing more than one atom.
- 622 Ionic BondA chemical bond between two oppositely charged ions.
- 632 Covalent BondsThe bond formed when elements share electrons.
- 642 Hydrogen BondsA weak chemical bond that forms when hydrogen atoms that are covalently bonded to one atom are attracted to another atom on another molecule.
- 652 Potential EnergyStored energy that has not been released.
- 662 pHThe # indicating the strength of acids and bases on a scale of 0-14, where 7 is neutral, a value below 7 is acidic and a value above 7 is basic (alkaline).
- 672 OrganicOf, relating to, or denoting compounds containing carbon (other than simple binary compounds and salts) and chiefly or ultimately of biological origin.
- 682 Atomic #The # of protons in the nucleus of a particular element.
- 692 AtomThe smallest particle that can contain the chemical properties of an element.
- 702 Kinetic EnergyThe energy of motion.
- 712 ElectronA stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity, found in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity in solids.
- 722 ProtonA stable subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive electric charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron.
- 732 NeutronA subatomic particle of about the same mass as a proton but without an electric charge, present in all atomic nuclei except those of ordinary hydrogen.
- 742 Mass #A measurement of the total # of protons and neutrons in an element.
- 752 Surface TensionA property of water that results from the cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a body of water and creates a sort of skin on the water's surface.
- 762 InorganicOf, relating to, or denoting compounds that are not organic (broadly, compounds not containing carbon).
- 773 BiomeA geographic region categorized by a particular combination of average annual temp, precipitation, and distinctive plant growth forms on land, and a particular combo of salinity, depth & water flow in water.
- 783 PhotosynthesisThe process by which producers use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide & water into glucose.
- 793 Cellular RespirationThe process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide and water.
- 803 ProducerAn organism that uses the energy of the sun to produce usable forms of energy.
- 813 Primary consumerOrganism that consumes other organisms to obtain energy.
- 823 Secondary ConsumersA carnivore that eats primary consumers.
- 833 GPPThe total amount of solar energy that producers in an ecosystem capture via photosynthesis over a given amount of time.
- 843 Standing cropThe amount of biomass present in an ecosystem at a particular time.
- 853 Biogeochemical cycleThe movements of matter within and between ecosystems.
- 863 Hydrologic CycleThe movement of water through the biosphere.
- 873 ClimateThe average weather that occurs in a given region over a long period of time.
- 883 TroposphereA layer of atmosphere closest to the surface of Earth, extending up to approximately 16km(10miles) and containing most of the atmosphere's nitrogen, oxygen, and water vapor.
- 893 El NinoThe periodic changes in winds and ocean currents, causing cooler and wetter conditions in the southeastern United States and unusually dry weather in southern Africa and Southeast Asia.
- 903 HerbivoreOrganism that only eats plants and vegetation.
- 913 CarnivoreOrganism that only eats other secondary or primary organisms.
- 923 OmnivoreAn organism that eats both vegetation and primary and secondary consumers.
- 934 CompetitionThe struggle of individuals to obtain a limiting resource.
- 944 CommensalismA relationship between species in which one species benefits and the other organism neither harmed nor helped.
- 954 Genetic DiversityThe variety of genes within a given species.
- 964 Ecosystem DiversityThe variety of ecosystems within a given region.
- 974 Keystone SpeciesA species that is far more important in it's community than its relative abundance might suggest.
- 984 Population DistributionA description of how individuals are distributed with respect to one another.
- 994 ParasiteA predator that lives in or on the organism it consumes.
- 1004 EvolutionA change in the genetic composition of a population over time.
- 1014 K-selected SpeciesA species w/ a low intrinsic growth rate that causes the population to increase slowly until it reaches carrying capacity.
- 1024 MutualismAn interaction between species that increases the chance of survival or reproduction for both species.
- 1034 Mass ExtinctionLarge extinction of species in a short period of time.
- 1044 R-selected speciesA species that has a high intrinsic growth rate, which often leads to population overshoots and die-offs.
- 1054 NicheOrganism's role in the environment. The niches of organisms vary in the locations that they are found.
- 1064 HabitatThe natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism.
- 1071 BioticLiving Thing
- 1081 AbioticNon-living
- 1091 Environmental ScienceThe field of study that looks at the interactions among human systems and those found in nature.
- 1101 Ecological FootprintA measure of how much an individual consumes, expressed in area of land.
- 1111 BiodiversityThe diversity of different life forms in an environment.
- 1121 EcosystemsA particular location on Earth distinguished by its mix of interacting biotic and abiotic components.
- 1131 AnthropogenicDerived from human activities.
- 1141 Environmental IndicatorsAn indicator that describes the current state of an environmental system.
- 1151 SustainabilityLiving on Earth in a way that allows human to use its resources w/out depriving future generations of those resources.
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- Fichas sobre Final exam, creado por Josh Chasson el 15/05/2013.
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- Josh Chasson
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