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Normal and Abnormal Differences
Fichas del conjunto (67)
- 1What is the antisocial personality?Psychopath/sociopath- show no regard for others, cares very little about rights, feelings or happiness of others, impulsive, easily irritated, assaultive, reckless, can manipulate.
- 2When doe the behavioural problems start with Antisocial personality?In childhood, and worsen as child grows up
- 3What is borderline personality?Instability, aggressive, unpredictable, and intense relationships, strong emotions, higher rate of being victim of physical/sexual child abuse, neglect or early paternal loss.
- 4What is the histrionic personality?Excessive attention-seeking, emotionality, opinions are shallow and easily changed, displayed strong emotion in public and excessive need for attention
- 5What are the two types of well-being Keyes et al. (2002) defined?Subjective and psychological well-being
- 6What is the narcissistic personality?Need to be admired, self-importance, lack of insight into other's feelings, a sense of superiority.
- 7What is the narcissistic paradox?Appear to be strong but self-esteem is quite fragile
- 8What is subjective well-being?Relativity short-term evaluation, representing a balance between feelings of positive and negative emotions, pleasure attainment and pain avoidance.
- 9What are eccentric group of disorders?Ways of being odd, different or peculiar. Schizoid, schizotypal, paranoid personalities
- 10What is the schizoid personality?Detached from normal social relations, experiences, little pleasure form bodily or sensory experiencies, inept or socially clumsy can be passive in face of unpleasant event
- 11What is psychological well-being?Longer term psychological well-being, resulting from the engaged with individual development and challenges within life, individual looking for meaning and self-reflection in life
- 12How is subjective well-being measured?PANAS and Life statisfication (SWLS)
- 13What are the six aspects of psychological well-being?Autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, purpose in life, positive relations with others, self-acceptance
- 14What evidence is there for Keyes et al. (2002) two types of well-being?Keyes et al. (2008) factor analysis, two factors with the different traits loading on different factors
- 15What is Kashdan et al. (2008) criticism of the two well-beings?It is not consistent with theory
- 16What have various studies found in terms of personality traits and positive/negative affect?Positive related to extroversion, negative to nerucoticism
- 17How is extroversion related to psychological well-being?High positive relationships with others
- 18How does neuroticism related to psychological well-being?Low on all factors of it
- 19How is conscientiousness related to psychological well-being?Higher purpose in life and personal growth
- 20How does openness relate to psychological well-being?Higher autonomy
- 21How does agreeableness relate to psychological well-being?Higher positive relations with others
- 22What is the World Health Organisation (1948) definition of health?Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social-welling and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
- 23What is Seyle (1956) definition of stress?Stress is a non-specific response to any kind of stimuli the individual perceives as noxious and threatening.
- 24What are the three stages of the General Adaption syndrome of stress?Alarm reaction(fight or flight) resistance stage(physical reaction dies down but other processes are started) exhaustion stage (body capacity to resist stressor becomes exhausted)
- 25In the General Adaption Syndrome when physical/mental illness develops?Exhaustion stage
- 26What did Stein et al. (2004) find about depression?Likely to arise with anxiety.
- 27Lopez and Murray (1998) found what about depression?Depression highest cause of disability worldwide
- 28What does clinical depression involve?Emotional symptoms, cognitive symptoms, somatic symptoms, and behavioral symptoms
- 29Depression scales are influenced by...The DSM
- 30What is the schizotypal personality?Anxious in social situation, suspicious of others, odd and eccentric, unusual perceptions and experiences, thoughts and speech sometimes disorganised
- 31What is paranoid personality?Distrustful of others, often misinterprets social events, resentment towards others, pathological jealousy, argumentative and hostile nature
- 32What is the anxious group of disorders?Ways of being nervous, fearful or distressed. Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
- 33What is the avoidance personality?Feeling of inadequacy, sensitive to criticism, restrict their activities to avoid embarrassment, low self-esteem.
- 34What could avoidance personality also be?Social phobia
- 35What is the dependent personality?Excessive need to be taken care of, submissive, avoids disagreement, seeks out reassurance from others, may not work well independently, may tolerate abuse from others to obtain support
- 36What is the obsessive-compulsive personality?Preoccupied with order, strives for perfection, devoted to work, seeks little leisure time or friendship, frequently miserable or stingy, rigid, inflexible, stubborn.
- 37What is the categorical method of diagnosis?List of symptoms, and need a certain amount to have diagnosis
- 38What are problems with the categorical approach of diagnosis?Categories not structured, disorders aren't clearly segregated, people in same category can vary dramatically, may have multiple disorders, possibly hierarchical over clusters
- 39In the categorical approach what are the categories based on?Clinical judgement, not empirical distinctions
- 40What is the evidence of the categories may not be clearly segregated?Borderline and histrionic co-occur almost in 50% of cases
- 41What is reliability of categorical approach?Poor inter-rater reliability, no opportunity for graded disorder, binary decision
- 42What is validity of categorical approach?Overlap with other mental illness disorder, different definitions of disorders, DSM keeps changing
- 43What is dimension approach?Disorders are extremes of normal traits, co-ordinate approach -score on DSM categories, factor analysis on disordered traits - new disordered personality dimensions
- 44What did Widiger et al. (1987) do?Took criteria from DSM personality disorders, created series questions in a structured interview, scores for each DSM category.
- 45What were the results Widiger et al. (1987)?High Cronbach's alpha apart from Schizoptypal, shizoid and compulsive. Strong inter-correlations.
- 46What does Widiger et al. (1987) fall into?Co-ordinates approach of dimension
- 47What did Livesley et al. (1990) do?Self-report statements for 100 personality disorder traits from DSM, factor analysis on general population (non-clinical) and a clinical population
- 48What were the results of Livesley et al. (1990)?15 narrow traits of personality disorder, and four clusters; emotional disregulation, dissocial behaviour, inhibitedness, complusivity
- 49How did the results of Livesley et al. (1990) map onto the big five?Emotional disregulation- high neuroticism low openness + agreeableness, Dissocial behaviour- low agreeableness, inhibition-high extroversion, complusivity-conscientiousness
- 50How could personality cause illness?By personality causing certain biological activity, or leads people to engage in behaviours which cause illness
- 51What could biological causes lead to?Personality and illness, making the link correlational
- 52What could illness lead to?Personality
- 53Who found in a meta-review of 45 studies type A have 20% increased risk of cardiovascular illness, and poor outcomes following coronary heart disease?Chida and Steptoe (2009)
- 54What is Glass' (1977) definition of Type A?Striving competitivity for achievement in many areas in life, sense of urgency with everything they do, high levels of urgency
- 55Hostility is correlated with poor health outcome, what evidence does Swarez et al. (2002) give for hostility leading to poor health?Hostile men produce more c-reactive protein, related to cardiovascular disease.
- 56What are the two ideas of type A and bad health?Stress and hostility being the cause of illness
- 57What is the definition of a disorder?A pattern of behaviour or experience which is distressing and painful to person, leading to disability and is associated with increased risk of further suffering
- 58What is abnormal?Anything different from normal, behaviour which society deems unacceptable
- 59What are things deemed by society as unacceptable?Disorganized thoughts, trouble living in community, ineffective efforts at coping, behaviours which harm more than hope
- 60What is a personally disorder?An enduring pattern of experience and behaviour which differ greatly from the expectations of the individual's culture.
- 61What is key about the behaviour to be deemed abnormal?Pattern is rigid, displayed across variety of situations, not a result of drug abuse, medication or a medical condition
- 62What is the categorical view of disorders?People with disorder are in one category, people without in another
- 63What is the dimensional view?People with and without disorder, differ in degree only, a continuum approach.
- 64What view does the DSMIV take?Catergorical
- 65What are the three groups of personality disorders fall into in the DSM?Erratic, eccentric, anxious
- 66What should be considered about the three groups?Overlap of criteria, extreme or normal categories, how to test characteristics
- 67What is the erratic group? Definition and four disorders.Ways of being unpredictable, violent or emotional. Antisocial, boderline, histronic, and narcissistic personalities disorder
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- 207 Individual Differences Fichas sobre Normal and Abnormal Differences, creado por Dooney el 17/05/2013.
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