The structualism

The structualism

1. The course of General Linguistic of Saussure

2. This work was published in 1916. The program consists of a series of concepts and proposals methodologies that are enunciated in the form of dichotomies, reformulated later in other schools.

   • The forms of relation between the linguistic elements are examined from two different coordinates
     • The first is the distintion between language
       • The term "System" acquires a specific valve in Saussure
         • .Signifier, or "acoustic image" and a meaning or "concept". (Abstract nature). Language is spoken of as system of systems at the various linguistic levels: Phonemes, morphemes, Semantems, etc. They are organize in subsystems by opposition relations
       • Is made up of signs that are systematically and indendently of the individual
     • .Paradigms or in absenetia: They are governed by the principies of equivalence (account for the systematicity of the language). .Syntagmatic or in praesentia: are governed by principies of combining the elements coexist in the expression. ( account for the use or performance concrete).
       • The Linguistic Cricle of Prague
         • The program of the circle of Prague turns out to be exposed in the known theses from the first congress celebrated in 1929
           • First
             • It refers to the conception of the language as a functional system, a system of means of expression adapted for an end.
           • Second
             • They determine the linguistic task: The study of the phonology, of the morphology and of the syntax.
           • Third
             • It talks about literary language specifically.
         • Formed by investigators like Jakobson, Trubetzkoy or Mukarowsky
           • The phonology as a discipline that studies the phonological system of a language across the structural method.
             • The structural method.
               • The structural method has been applied later to the morphology, to the grammatical analysis and to semantic level.
     • One of Saussure's achievements is to have define science which deals specifically with the study of language and linguistics.
       • It was placed within the theorical framework used in social interaction
         • The semiology, as a semiological discipline, the linguistics is the task of characterizing the linguistic sign as an arbitrary or conventional unit.
       • Another methodological distinction is he choice between Synchronic or diacrhonic aproach to the study of linguistic facts.
         • Saussure considers that it is only systematizable the synchronous.
         • The dichotomies proposed by Saussure were necessary in that to lay the foundations of a general language. Many of the later currents take advantage certain contributions if this program, redefined in the light of new approaches.

3. The historical-comparative linguistics of the XIX focuses on the descrption of the linguistic change and the filiation of the language influenced by the development of the natural sciences

   • The new method begins by defining the language as an organized structure in which the units are described by the relationships they stablish with each other, that is to say, they are described from intrinsic aspects.
   • The metatheoretical reflection that develops at the beginning of the 20th century responds to the need to delimit a specific object of study and a suitable method that allows its exhaustive analysis.
   • Epistemological foundations 20th Century Linguistics.