Demographic Change

Demographic Change

1. How has the world changed?

   • How can we measure it
     • BIRTH RATE/DEATH RATE
       • age specific
       • Infant
       • Maternal
       • Life expectancy
       • fertility rates
   • How do we display it?
     • Density mapping: For example, choropleth mapping (uses the same colour- just different shades)
     • Topological mapping: countries are proportional to their total population (or other total being measured)
     • Population pyramids: These show age and gender as an indicator of development. they study demographic characteristics such as an ageing population.

2. Population Density and Distribution

   • Density measures the no. of people living in a given area. Calculating population density: total pop over total land. The unit is KM squared
   • Distribution is where the people are..

3. The DTM

   • Uses
     • Model can be used to PREDICT likely trends for countries and therefore enable people to prepare for changes in BR, DR and total population.
     • Capable of being adapted. Ie. Stage 5 was added as many countries were going into decline.
     • Helps to explain what has happened to countries such as England.
   • Limitations
     • Eurocentric
     • Not relevant to countries that aren't industrialised
     • Doesn't give a timeline of how long it will take to move through the stages. it took 260 years for the UK but South Korea is rushing through it in decades
   • Patterns
     • England would be in stage 5- if it took into account of migration
   • Cape Verde
     • Birthrate begins high (42 per 1000) and fluctuates slightly until around 1940. At this point it drops dramatically and natural increase follows. Death rate rises up to 1945 and at this point it again, it plummets. After this, the birthrate re-levels to around 45 births per 1000 and then begins to increase as it goes into stage 2. Deaths rate does the opposite and starts to fall. This causes natural increase to rise. At around 1970, birthrate steadily falls and death rates follow accordingly. They level off and fluctuate at around 20-30 per 1000.

4. Migration

   • How can we classify it
     • Drain or Gain- UK
       • Drain: Demand for services. strain on services. increasing unemployment
       • Gain: Provide skills for certain jobs. more mobile workforce. more people means creation of employment as there is more selling to be done.
   • Ravenstein
     • One of the earliest models. This model states that 1. most migrants only move a short distance and often in series of steps. 2. Migration occurs mainly from agricultural to industrial. 3. The flow of migrants drcreases with distance.
   • Lee
   • Stouffer
   • China
     • The South East
       • Migration comes in 4 forms: Economic migration, voluntary, rural to urban and internal
       • Causes: 1. The coastline means trade. 2. urban areas have better health care, better education and better utilities 3. Secondary jobs availible
       • Effects include: 1. mass pop growth in the south 2. high pop density. 3. rural areas depopulate. 4 Rural areas collapse. 5. high death rate in dense areas due to crowding. 6. Slums increase and shanty towns develop. 7.. high unemployment due to not having enough jobs. 8. lack of resources to meet needs.
       • The Hukou system: This was set up in order to allow the Chinese to monitor migration and restrict it, if needed. Everyone had a 'hukou'- a legal document that signs you to a place. This stops people from purchasing housing outside of their hukou.
   • Polish Migrants
     • Effects on England
       • Positive: Willing to do more hard manual jobs with health risks. skilled workers. Positive work attitude. Development of multicultural diversity.
       • Negative: "foreigner in your own country". quarter of pop are immigrants in 'Boston, Lincolnshire'. More to gain as they live in large groups and therefore pay less tax.
     • Effects on Poland
       • Positive: More work left for pols remaining. Also may receive remittances.
       • Negative: Paid badly to labour work when often they are skilled. (BRAIN DRAIN)

5. Refugees & Asylum seekers

   • Where do they go?
     • Immigrant pathways diagram (drawn)
   • Refugee is a given status when an asylum seeker is allowed into the country and may be allowed to work (depending on their status)

6. East Devon: Ageing pop

   • Causes
     • later marriages
     • less children
     • better education
     • higher life expectancy
     • people over 60 have doubled since the 1990s
   • Impacts
     • less facilities for younger
     • 2nd highest concentration of older people in the UK
     • less active workforce
     • more pensioners
     • more pressure on healthcare
     • expenses such as care homes needed
     • transport needed
   • Adaptations
     • facilities to keep elderly fit and healthy ie. swmming pool and age concern centre which aims to teach elderly useful skills
     • ring and ride bus service. costs the same as the normal buses but more expensive to provide as it picks elderly up from their homes and is a vital service

7. The Gambia

   • Causes
     • population of 1.9 mill with a br of 31 and dr of 10. The rate of natural increase is 3.1
     • religious belief- do not believe in contraception
     • infant mortality rate of 73 per thousand live births
     • population expected to double
   • impacts
     • high dependancy ratio: just over 92
     • towns expand rapidly
       • leads to little basic housing
     • 26 class rooms in a school with 3000 students
     • 1 in 10 will die before they're they are 10
     • many use the wood for fires- depletion of forests

8. china's population structure

   • causes: Baby boom. more men. famine, natural disaster. missing girls. great leap forward
   • impacts: rising crime rates- feared that many restless men get angry. Reduction of fertility rate- strain on eco system. prostitution and trafficking expected to rise. Better health care for woman as they receive free contraception and pre-natal classes