Periodic table

Periodic table

1. Non-metals

   • Oxygen, carbon, sulfur and chlorine are examples of non-metal elements
     • Eleven non-metals are gases at room temperature, including oxygen and chlorine
     • One non-metal, bromine, is a liquid at room temperature.
     • The other non-metals are solids at room temperature, including carbon and sulfur
   • properties they have in common
     • dull (not shiny)
     • poor conductors of heat and electricity (they are insulators)
     • weak and brittle (they easily break or shatter when solid)
     • they can have a low density (they feel light for their size)
     • They are NOT sonorous (they do not make a ringing sound when hit)
   • Reactions of non-metals
     • Some non-metal oxides dissolve in water and, when they do, they produce acidic solutions.
     • Non-metals react with oxygen to produce non-metal oxides.
   • Bonding
     • When they bond with each other the form covalent bonds
     • When they bond with metals they for ionic bonds

2. A Russian scientist called Dmitri Mendeleev produced one of the first practical periodic tables in the 19th century.

   • The modern periodic table is based closely on the ideas he used:
     • the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number
     • the horizontal rows are called periods
     • the vertical columns are called groups
       • The main groups are numbered from 1 to 7 going from left to right, and the last group on the right is group 0.
         • If you know what one of the elements in a group is like, you can make predictions about the other elements in a group. For example, all the elements in group 1 are reactive metals, and all the elements in group 0 are unreactive non-metals.
     • elements in the same group are similar to each other

3. Metals

   • Iron, magnesium and gold are examples of metal elements. Metals have properties in common.
   • Reactions of metals
     • Metals react with oxygen to produce compounds called metal oxides.
     • Metal oxides are bases. They react with acids and neutralise them.
     • Some metal oxides dissolve in water and, when they do, they produce alkaline solutions.
   • properties they have in common
     • shiny, especially when they are freshly cut
     • good conductors of heat and electricity
     • malleable (they can be bent and shaped without breaking
     • they have a high density
     • they are sonorous
     • solid at room temperature, except mercury
   • Three metals (iron, cobalt and nickel) are magnetic. Steel is a mixture of elements but it is mostly iron, so it is also magnetic.
   • Bonding

4. Remember that you will only find elements in the periodic table and never compounds. So you won’t find substances like water or copper sulfate in the periodic table.

5. Each element has its own chemical symbol, made from letters.

6. metals and non-metals have opposite properties to each other.

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