SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

1. Larry Selinker

   • Interlanguage
     • The learners' grammar is likely to fossilize
       • The learners' grammar is permeable
         • The learners' grammar is transitional
           • The learners' grammar contain variable rules
             • Learners employ learning strategies
               • Intralingual and developmental errors
                 • Overgeneralization
                 • Simplification
                 • Hypercorrection
                 • Avoidance
           • Interlanguage continuum
         • Interlingual errors
       • Performance errors
       • Competence errors
       • Production frequency
       • Error density
   • A unique linguistic system

2. Elaine Tarone

   • Psycholinguistic factors
     • Stylistic continuum
       • Careful style
       • Vernacular style

3. Howard Giles

   • Accommodation theory
     • Similarities and differences
     • Perception and evaluation
       • Context
     • Social status and power
     • Degrees of accomodation
       • Process of convergence
         • Social cohesiveness
       • Process of divergence
         • Social distinctiveness

4. John Schumann

   • Acculturation model
     • Social distance
     • Pidginization
       • Creole
     • Psychological distance
       • Attitude
       • Motivation
       • Cultural shock
     • Social dominance
     • Integration
     • Enclosure
     • Cultural congruence

5. Stephen Krashen

   • Input hypothesis
     • Comprehensible input
   • Acquiring a language
   • Learning a language
   • Natural order hypothesis
     • Preproduction stage
       • Early production stage
         • Advanced fluency stage
       • Speech emergence stage
         • Morphosyntactic errors
         • Phonological errors
       • Intermediate fluency stage
       • Silent period
   • Monitor hypothesis
     • Monitoring
   • Affective filter hypothesis
     • Low-anxiety learning environment
     • Student motivation
     • Self-confidence

6. Michael Long

   • Interaction hypothesis
     • Comprehensible input
     • Negociation of meaning

7. Lev Vygotsky

   • Zone of proximal development
     • Socially constructed L2 knowledge
     • Interpersonal activity
   • Activity theory
     • Motive
     • Internalization
       • Scaffolding

8. Merrill Swain

   • Comprehenshible output
     • 'Output can serve as a consciousness-raising function'

9. Noam Chosmky

   • Universal grammar
     • Competence access
     • No access
     • Partial access
     • Dual access
   • The critical period hypothesis
     • Language acquisition is easy and complete
     • Language acquisition is difficult and incomplete
   • Language acquisition device
   • Learnability
     • Poverty of the stimulus
       • Positive evidence
       • Negative evidence

10. Socio cultural models

11. Robert Lado

    • Contrastive analysis hypothesis
      • What is shaping learner language?
      • Native language
      • Target language

12. Pit Corder

    • Error analysis
      • Error
        • Local errors
        • Global errors
        • Types of errors
          • Lexical errors
          • Semantic errors
          • Pragmatic errors
      • Mistake