unit 8

unit 8

1. GRAMMAR

   • Reported Speech
     • It is used to report what someone said without quoting their exact words. It does not use quotation marks. Important changes:
       • Pronouns change depending on context Example: I → he/she
       • Verb tenses usually shift back (backshift) (Present simple → Past simple) ( Past simple → Past perfect) ( Will → Would)
       • Time expressions change Today → that day Tomorrow → the next day Now → then
   • Reported Questions
     • Used to report questions someone asked. No question marks are used.
       • type:
         • Yes/No questions → use if or whether Example: He asked: “Are you happy?” → He asked if I was happy
         • Wh- questions → keep the question word Example: She asked: “Where do you live?” → She asked where I lived Do not use “do/does/did”
   • Reporting Verbs
     • Verbs used to introduce reported speech. Common ones:
       • Say / tell Ask Explain Suggest Advise Promise Warn
       • estructures
         • tell + person + idea He told me (that) he was tired
         • say + idea He said (that) he was tired
         • advise/suggest + verb (-ing or infinitive) (She suggested going out) (He advised me to study)

2. VOCABULARY

   • Expressing Feelings
     • Used to describe emotional states. Examples:
       • Happy Sad Angry Excited Nervous Bored
         • Common structures:
           • (I feel + adjective) (I feel happy)(I am feeling + adjective)(It makes me feel + adjective)
   • Describing People
     • Used to describe physical appearance and personality.
       • Physical appearance
         • Tall Short Slim Curly hair Beard
       • Personality
         • Friendly Shy Outgoing Lazy Hardworking
   • Like + -ing / to + verb
     • Used to talk about preferences.
       • Like + -ing =Used for general preferences:I like playing soccer
       • Like + to + verb= Used for specific habits or choices: I like to study at night

3. REAL COMMUNICATION

   • Used to report questions in real-life communication. Applies reported question rules. Examples: She asked me if I was busy He asked where I lived Important: Adapt pronouns and verb tenses
     • Reporting purpose
       • Used to explain why someone did something. Structures: to + verb She called me to ask a question in order to / so as to He studied hard in order to pass so that She spoke quietly so that no one could hear
     • Getting to know people
       • Common phrases: What’s your name? Where are you from? What do you do? What are your hobbies?
       • Strategies: Ask open-ended questions Show interest Listen actively
     • Talking about pet hates
       • “Pet hates” = things you really dislike.
         • Examples: I hate people who are late It annoys me when people interrupt
         • Structures: I can’t stand + -ing It drives me crazy when…
     • Investigating a story
       • Used in interviews or reporting situations. Includes:
         • Asking questions Collecting information Reporting what others said
         • Useful language: He said that… She explained that… They reported that…
         • Skills: Listening Analyzing information Summarizing facts

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