Biology - B3 - AQA - GCSE - Transport systems

Biology - B3 - AQA - GCSE - Transport systems

1. Humans

   • Heart
     • Left atrium
       • Left ventricle
         • Aorta
         • More muscle on this side
           • Has to pump blood all the way around the body, whereas the right ventricle only pumps to the lungs.
       • Pulmonary vein
     • Right atrium
       • Right ventricle
         • Pulmonary artery
       • Vena Cava
     • Artery
       • Thick walls
         • Containing muscles and elastic fibres
       • Stents can be used to keep the arteries open if they begin to narrow.
     • Veins
       • Thin walls
       • Valves to stop backflow
     • Capillaries
       • Very thin walls
       • Narrow
     • Blood
       • Consists of a fluid called plasma
         • Red blood cells
           • Oxygen from lungs to organs
           • No nucleus
           • Haemoglobin
             • Combines with oxygen in the lungs to form oxyhaemoglobin
             • Oxyhaemoglobin splits in organs to form oxygen and haemoglobin
         • White blood cells
           • Defense against infection
             • Biology - B1 - AQA - GCSE - Keeping Healthy and Defending Against Infection
         • Platelets
           • No nucleus
           • Help blood to clot at the site of a wound
         • Carbon dioxide from organs to lungs
         • Soluble products of digestion from small intestine to organs
         • Urea from liver to kidney
     • When labelling the heart, the sides are usually flipped. See the diagram below.

2. Plants

   • Xylem
     • Water
       • Transpiration stream
       • Helpful way to remember it - water doesn't 'phlo' in a plant.
     • Mineral ions
       • From the roots
   • Phloem
     • Dissolved sugars
       • From leaves to elsewhere

3. Transpiration stream

   • The movement of water from the roots to the leaves and then out from there.

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