ESL Approaches and Methods

ESL Approaches and Methods

1. Grammatical Approach

   • Grammar-Translation Method
     • Students learn grammatical rules then apply those rules by translating sentences between the target language and native language
     • based on the thought that mental discipline was essential for strengtenhing the powers of the mind
   • Direct Method
     • refrains from using the learners native language and uses only the target language
     • focuses on question and answer patterns
   • Audiolingual Method
     • Grammar structures are carefully sequenced and taught
     • Emphasizes error correction, drills, and repetitive practive
   • Teacher-centered emphasis on the rules and structure of target language

2. Cognative Approach

   • The CALLA Method
     • three primary components
       • 1.topics from major content areas, 2.the development of academic language skills, 3.explicit instruction in learning strategies
     • emphasis on the development of academic language skills targets all four literacy domains
       • listening, speaking, reading, and writing
   • Learner-centered focus on explicit teaching of learning strategies in communicative ways

3. Communicative Approach

   • Silent Way Method
     • teachers uses a mixture of silence and gestures to focus student attention, to elicit responses from them, and to encourage them to correct their own mistakes
     • Seldom content-based
   • Natural Way Method
     • places decreased importance on conscious grammar study and explicit correction of student errors
     • language output is not forced, but allowed to emerge spontaneously
   • Suggestopedia Method
     • improving concentration, relaxed alertness, and enhanced memorization
     • emphasises a relaxed physical setting
   • The Integrated Content-based (ICB) Method
     • focus on content and language integration
     • subject area integrated into thematic units
   • The Sheltered Instruction Method
     • scaffold instruction, visuals, cooperative learning, and guarded vocabulary
     • grade level modified curriculem
   • Student-centered emphasis on communication and meaningful acquisition of knowledge

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