Attachments

Attachments

1. Caregiver infant attachment

   • Reciprocity (respond)
   • Interactional synchrony (interact sim)
   • Meltzoff and Moore (1977)
   • Paiget's Conditioning

2. The development of attachment

   • Stage 1 Indiscrimin attach's (2 months)
   • Stage 2 Begin's attach's (4 months)
   • Stage 3 Discrimin attach's (7 months)
   • Stage 4 multiple attach's (8+months)
   • by Schaffer and Emerson relied self reports (- desirability, biased, diff general)
     • 1960 WC ppl hardtop gen modern day
     • stage model may only apply 2 individualistic cultures
     • Bowlby believes that there is a monotropic bond= determines all other attachs
   • Fathers as primary attachment figures
     • Schaffer and Emerson- dads V be prim attach fig's
       • less time, not psycho equipped lack emot sensitiviy
       • Biological; oestrogen linked to caring behaviour but men have testost
     • Fathers as secondary attachments> playful and better providing challenging situations

3. Animal studies of attachment

   • Lorenz Geese
   • Harlow's 8 Rhesus Monkeys and wire mothers
   • Guitons Chicks and Rubber gloves (imprinted)
   • diff general

4. Learning theory

   • Classical conditioning
   • Operant (prim reinforcer aka food + sec reinforcer caregiver source of reward)
   • Schaffer and Emerson infants attach to ppl who don't perform caregiving activites>LT not provide complete descrip hoe attach's form
   • Harlow and Harlow monkeys spent^ time on cylinder proided comfort than cylinder which provided food. Food =not enough attach to form

5. Evolutionary theory

   • Children have innate drive to attach therefore evolutionary> ASCMI
   • Attach after 3 monts late terms survival + attach not adaptive
   • Alt theory of temperament>child who has ‘easy’ temperament (happy, smile a lot) better responses from parents and form better attach's

6. Types of attachment

   • Secure (Discomf, comf, comf)
   • Insecure Avoidant (Okay, comf, uninterest)
   • Insecure Resistant (Distress, uncomf, reject)

7. The strange situation

   • controlled obv, 8 episodes, mum in room, she leaves, left stranger, mum returns
   • 66% SA, 12% IR, IA 22%

8. Cultural variations in attachment

   • Takahashi 90% trails stopped distressed, 0 IA
   • Grossman and Grossman> German infants ^ insec cos german cultural nor, kepping distance between parents and child

9. Maternal deprivation

   • Depriv during crit period (3-5 yr) harmful on childs Physic, Intellec, emot + social develop (PIES)
   • Bowlby 44 thieves (children) found thieves w/t affect-less psychopathy- experienced freq sep from mums compr to thieves without affect-less psychopathy> theres link between depriv and later social/ emotional problems
   • Robertson filmed 2 yr Laura during 8 day in hospital> freq distressed and begs to go home> before research children sep from parents> visiting discourage> led to major change way children cared for in hosp
   • Skells and Dye found kids who had been socially deprived (in an orphanage) in their first 2 years of life quickly improved their IQ scores if they received one to one care at school.

10. Institutionalisation

    • Rutter (2010)
      • 165 Romanian orphans who suf eff's institute + been adopt tested a reg intervals (4,6,11+15) to assess their PIES. Info also gathered by parents and teachers. Found time of adopt Romanian kids scored lower than British kids
      • Physical- Gardner's deprivation dwarfism
      • Emotional- Quinton et al's comparison 50 women in instit's vs not> institute women parenting diff aka reactive attach disorder
      • Intellectual- Skeels et al, instit kids scored poor on IQ tests
      • Social- kids show disinhibited attach where kids treat near strangers inappropriate famil (overfriendliness) + maybe attention seeking> cos lack internal working model

11. The influence of early attachment

    • Bowlby sug child’s early attach influ their future relationships. This is cos infant forms a special monotropic bond with their prim caregiver which provides them with an internal working model. Internal working model informs a infant how to behave around other ppl + how to form attachments with them, aka continuity hypothesis
    • Hazan and Shaver placed a ‘Love Quiz’ in the Rocky Mountain News> Questionnaire asked bout attits bout love, (to asses IWM) Analysed 620 responses> found pos correlation between attach type and love experiences. Securely attach adults V likely be divorced when compared to insecurely attach adults
    • Poor parenting- Quinton et al- showed link between childhood attach and parenting abil. Could be cos lack IWM so have no example how to form relationships with own children
    • determin as sug fixed effect later and are 'doomed'