Population Dynamics

Population Dynamics

1. How has the population changed since 1800?

   • LEDC's= Dramatic increases to keep families alive because of low life expectancy and high infant mortality rates.
   • MEDC's increased then decreased because of the industrial revolution and contraception use
   • Causes of rapid population growth
     • Modern medicine+technologies to keep people alive longer
     • Cleaner drinking water+sewage systems
     • Change in economic conditions (sudden wealth)
   • Causes of zeroing population growth
     • Emancipation of women (more rights+careers)
     • Family planning+reduction in family size
     • Birth control policies (china)
   • Causes of continued population growth
     • Religion (no contraception)
     • Low death rate (technology) natural increase occurs
     • LEDC's are poor and have lots of children to maintain family survival

2. How might it change in the future?

   • Death Rate= the number of people that die per 1000 of the population per year
   • Birth Rate= the number of people that are born per 1000 of the population per year
   • Natural increase= death rate is higher than birth rate
   • Zero population growth= death rate is equal to birth rate
   • MEDC's will probably continue to decline wherease LEDC's will continue to increase
     • Lead to over-population
     • War/conflict
     • Lack of resources
   • Birth Rate + Death Rate + Immigration/out-migrants = Total Population
   • Natural decrease= birth rate is higher than death rate
   • Migration= People changing the place they live within or between countries Immigrants= People arriving in a country or region to live for more than a year Emmigrants= People leaving a country or region to live for more than a year

3. What is the Demographic Transition Model?

   • Conflict and migration can affect population

4. What do we mean by youthful and ageing populations?

   • Ageing Population
     • Case Study: Japan
       • Health
         • Very healthy diet
         • Good medical care
         • Low birth rate because women are having their first child later (avg went from 25 to 29)
       • Demographic Factors
         • Life expectancy= high, 79 for men + 85 for women
         • Over 65's make up 20.8% of population
       • Economic Growth
         • Increase cost in pensions
         • Elderly people requiring homes + care
           • Everyone over 40 has to contribut £20 p/m for homes
         • Bigger need for healthcare so taxes will be raised
     • Also called 'greying population' and when there is an increasing number of elderly people within a country
   • Youthful Population
     • Case Study: Afghanistan
       • Economic Growth
         • Lack of school places for children, education is often the only way out of poverty
         • Lack of employment oppurtunities
       • Demographic Figures
         • 40% of the population are under 15 years old!
         • High birth rate + low life expectancy
         • Religions prevent contraception
       • Migration
         • Lots of men leave to find work
       • Conflict
         • War in Afghanistan impacts work and living conditions
       • Health
         • Only 2 doctors per 10,000 people
         • Illness+Disease
         • More than 150 babies out of 1000 will die before they're 1, in UK it is just 5
     • Increasing number of young people within a country

5. How do rich and poorer countries compare in population structure?

   • LEDC's
     • High birth rate
     • High infant mortality
     • Low life expectancy
   • MEDC's
     • High life expectancy
     • Low infant mortality
     • Low birth rate

6. What do we mean by pro-natalist and anti-natalist population policies?

   • Pro-natalist
     • Case Study: Singapore
       • Why is the policy needed and how is it maintained?
         • Originally had an anti-natalist policy but the country's population became very low so the government introduced a pro-natalist policy
         • Tax rebates the 3rd child
         • Cheap nursaries+ schooling
         • Pregnant women get good healthcare and counselling discouraging abortion and steralisation
       • What are the benefits+successes of the policy?
         • Population increased after the policy was introduced
         • Women get better healthcare
       • What are the problems+failures of the policy?
         • Population isn't increasing too much so it is a little success
     • A government who are encouraging birth
   • Anti-natalist
     • Case Study: China
       • Why is the policy needed and how is it maintained?
         • Population increased quickly and they were over-populating
         • Population already at 1.3 billion
         • "One child policy"
         • If you have more than one child you get fined
         • Abortions are encouraged
           • Between 1979-2002 forced abortion+steralisation took place
       • What are the benefits+successes of the policy?
         • Women get free contraception and healthcare
         • Population can be managed
         • Less people living in poverty
       • What are the problems+failures of the policy?
         • People in rural areas need children (boys) to help on farms
         • Some couples want second children and if they can afford the fines, they do
         • Only children are spoilt and lack confidence and happiness
     • A government who are actively dicouraging population growth

7. Population Management

   • Why do we need population management?
     • Over-crowding
     • Poverty
     • Skill shortages
     • Pressures on resources
   • UK policy for EU members: The open borders system
     • Live in EU
     • Can enter UK when want
     • Can stay as long as want
     • Get benefits+education+healthcare
   • UK policy for non-EU members: The points based system
     • Allows british buisinesses to recruit skills from abroad
     • Tier 1: Highly skilled workers
       • Tier 2: Skilled workers with job offer
         • Tier 3: Low skilled workers needed to fill shortages
           • Tier 4: Students
             • Tier 5: Youth mobility+temporary workers
   • Source disadvantages (migrants homeland)
     • Less working population
     • Skill shortage
     • Decline in birth rate
     • Country recieves less taxes
   • Host disadvantages (where migrants go)
     • Public money spent on immigrants (housing, healthcare, education)
     • During recession, foreign construction workers pricing UK workers out of the market
     • Hostility towards immigrants (stealing jobs ect)
     • Some unwilling to join british culture

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