Population

Population

1. Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

   • Stage 1
     • Birth rate is high because there's no use of contraception
     • Need more children because of High Infant Mortality
     • Death rate high due to poor healthcare
     • Population structure - Life expectancy is low, so the population is make up of mostly young people.
   • Stage 2
     • Birth Rate high due to lack of contraception
     • Lots of children to work on farms
     • Death Rate Falls due to better health care - Vaccinations
     • Population Growth rate is very high
     • Population Structure - Life expectancy has increased but there are still more young people than old.
   • Stage 3
     • Birth Rate falling - Education, Woman want careers
     • Economy becomes 'Manufacturing', need less children to work
     • Death rate falls due to more medical advances.
     • Population Structure - More people are living to be older
   • Stage 4
     • Birth Rate is low, People move to urban areas
     • Death Rate is low and fluctuating
     • Population Structure - Life expectancy is high, so even more people are living to be older
   • Stage 5
     • Birth rate is slowly falling, less money to raise children due to dependent elderly relatives.
     • Death rate is low and fluctuating
     • Population Structure - More older people than young people

2. Definitions

   • Birth Rate - The number of live babies born per thousand of the population per year.
   • Death Rate - The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year.
   • Natural Change - the difference between birth rate and death rate, expressed as a percentage.
   • Infant Mortality - The average number of deaths of children under 5, per 1000 live births.
   • Life Expectancy - The number of years a person is expected to live, usually taken from birth.

3. Impacts of Rapid Population Growth

   • Economic
     • There aren't enough jobs for the number of people in the country, unemployment rises
     • There's increased poverty becaues more people are born into families that are already poor.
   • Social
     • Services like healthcare and education can't cope with the increase in population
     • Children have to work to try and support their large families, missing out on education.
     • Not enough houses for people, so they are forced to live in overcrowded settlements, causing healthcare problems.
     • Food Shortages, if the country cant grow or import enough food for the population
   • Political
     • Most of the population is younger people, so government focus on things such as childcare/education
     • There are fewer older people so the government doesn't have to focus on policies that are important to older people, pensions.
     • The government has to make policies to bring population growth under control, so the social and economic impacts of rapid population growth don't get any worse.

4. Birth Control Programmes China - One Child Policy

   • 1970s, Was a fear of famine and a large baby boom just before.
   • What did it state in the 1970s?
     • Could not marry until late 20s
     • Must only have one successful pregnancy
     • Woman to be sterilised after first child
     • Would receive 5 - 10 percent salary rise for limiting their family to one child.
   • Advantages
     • Woman had the opportunity to concentrate on careers
     • Attitudes of daughters improved
     • Population growth has slowed
     • Estimated 400 fewer infants were born
   • Disadvantages
     • 'Little Emperors'
     • Woman forced to have abortions, ninth month
     • Local officials and government had power over people's private lives
     • More elderly than young

5. Ageing Population UK

   • Causes
     • People living longer, better medical care
     • Lots of babies born 1940s - 60s, causing a 'pensioner boom'
     • Number of babies has fallen, more older people than young.
   • Problems
     • More elderly people are living in poverty - working population are not larger enough to support them.
     • Government is struggling to pay low state pensions
     • Health service under pressure as more elderly need medical treatment
   • Strategies to cope with ageing population
     • Raise the retirement age
     • Encourage immigration of young people to the UK
     • Encourage woman to have children
     • Encourage people to take out private pensions

6. Migration from Poland to the UK

   • Push factors from Poland
     • High Unemployment
     • Low average Wages, about a third lower than Uk
     • Housing Shortages, just over 300 dwellings for every 1000 people.
   • Pull Factors to the UK
     • UK allowed unlimited migration in 2004
     • More work and higher wages
     • Good exchange rate
   • Impacts on Poland
     • Population fell by 0.3% from 2003 - 2007. Birth rate fell, most that were left were young.
     • Economy was boosted due to money being sent home.
     • Shortage of workers.
   • Impact on the UK
     • Population went up slightly
     • Boosted the UK economy, but some was sent 'home'
     • New polish shops opened
     • Attendance at Catholic churches went up

7. Refugees migration from Africa to Spain

   • Impacts on African Countries
     • Working population was reduced
     • Families become separated when fleeing from wars.
   • Impacts on Spain
     • Social tension
     • More unskilled workers
     • Average wages for unskilled jobs fell.
     • Birth rate increased.

8. Migration

   • Source Country
     • Positive Impacts
       • Reduced demand on services, Schools
       • Money is sent back to the source country
     • Negative Impacts
       • Labour Shortage
       • Skills Shortage
       • Ageing Population
   • Receiving Country
     • Positive Impacts
       • Increased labour force
       • Workers pay taxes that help fund services
     • Negative Impacts
       • Locals and immigrants compete for jobs
       • Increased demand for services
       • Not all money earnt is spent in the destination country