Minerals

Minerals

1. Silicates

   • Tectosilicates (Framework Silicates) [SiO2]
     • Silica Group (Silica Oxide)
       • Quartz (SiO2)
         • High Quartz (Hexagonal)
         • Low Quartz (Rhombohedral)
       • Cristobalite (SiO2)
         • High temp; low pressure. Quenched
           • snowflake obsidian
       • Tridymite (SiO2)
         • High temp; low pressure. Quenched
           • not as high temp as cristobalite
       • Coesite (SiO2)
         • high temp; high pressure
           • found naturally in impact craters or subducted metamorphic rocks
         • monoclinic
       • Stishovite (SiO2)
         • higher temp and pressure than coesite
         • tetragonal
     • Feldspar Group
       • Potassium Feldspars (Potassium Aluminum Silicate; Alkali Feldpsars)
         • potassium aluminum silicate Alkali Feldspars
         • Orthoclase KAlSi3O8
           • monoclinic
           • found in granites. normal cooling rate. Al found in either T1 site
         • T1
           • T2
             • T2
               • T1
         • "crankshaft" tetrahedron arrangement
         • Sanidine (K,Na)AlSi3O8
           • monoclinic
           • found in lavas. Quenched. Al in any site
         • Microcline KAlSi3O8
           • triclinic
           • has a characteristic twinning. very slow cooling. Al in a single T1 site
         • possess exsolution lamellae (viens); polysynthetic twinning cannot be seen
       • Plagioclase Feldspars (Sodium/Calcium Silicate)
         • Albite NaAlSi3O8
           • Sodium rich plagioclase
         • Anorthite CaAl2Si2O8
           • Calcium rich plagioclase
         • Posseses polysyntheic twinning, seen as striations. Light interacting with the faces show a play of colors. Labradorescence
     • Feldspathoid Group
       • Leucite KAlSi2O6
         • found in basalts
       • Nepheline (Na,K)AlSiO4
         • silicon deficient albite
         • not a nesosilicate
       • forms when magma is silica deficient
     • Zeolite Group
       • Sodalite Na3Al3Si3O12
         • dark blue
     • Other
       • Beryl Be3Al2Si6O18
       • Cordierite (Mg,Fe)2Al4Si5O18
   • Phyllosilicates (Sheet Silicates) [Si2O5]2-
     • Serpentine Group
       • Chrysotile Mg6Si4O10(OH)8
         • silica and brucite sheets
         • "TO" arrangement, van der vaals
     • Clay Mineral Group
       • Kaolinite Al2Si2O5(OH)4
         • silica and gibbsite sheets
         • "TO" arrangement, van der vaals
       • Pyrophyllite Al2Si4O10(OH)2
         • silica and gibbsite sheets
         • "TO" arrangement? van der vaals
       • Talc Mg3SiO10(OH)2
         • silica and brucite sheets
         • "TOT" arrangement, van der vaals
     • Mica Group
       • Biotite Series
         • Phlogopite KMg3(AlSi3O10)
           • "TOT" arrangement, like talc but with K in between instead of van der vaals
           • silica and brucite sheets
         • Biotite K(Fe,Mg)3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
           • silica and brucite sheets
       • Other Micas
         • Muscovite KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
           • "TOT" arrangement with K in between
           • silica and gibbsite sheets
         • Lepidolite K(Li,Al)2-3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
     • Chlorite Group
       • Chlorite
         • variable combinations of talc and brucite
   • Cyclosilicates (Ring Silicates)
     • Tourmaline (Na,Ca)(Fe,Mg,Al,Li)3Al6(BO3)3Si6O18(OH)4
   • Inosilicates (Chain Silicates) [Si2O6]4-
     • Pyroxene Group
       • Orthopyroxene
         • Enstatite Mg2Si2O6
           • lower left corner of triangle
         • Ferrosilite Fe2Si2O6
           • lower right corner of triangle
       • Clinopyroxene (Diopside-Hedenburgite Series)
         • Diopside CaMgSi2O6
           • 50% Ca, Mg side
         • Hedenbergite CaFeSi2O6
           • 50% Ca, Fe side
       • Other Clinopyroxenes
         • Pigeonite (Ca,Mg,Fe)2Si2O6
           • thin area above lower most part of triangle
         • Augite (Ca,Mg,Fe,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al)(Si,Al)2O6
           • drop between diopside and hedenburgite
         • Jadeite NaAlSi2O6
           • High grade regional metamorphism
         • Acmite/Aegerine NaFeSi2O6
           • Na-rich granites (alkali granties)
     • Amphibole Group
       • Cummingtonite Series
         • Cummingtonite (Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH)2
         • Grunerite Fe7Si8O22(OH)2
           • can be found as amosite asbestos. Fe in sea water=banded iron
       • Tremolite Series
         • Temolite Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2
           • from sandy dolomite
         • Actinolite Ca2(Fe,Mg)5Si8O22(OH)2
       • regional metamorphism
       • Other Amphiboles
         • Anthophyllite Mg7Si8O22(OH)2
         • Glaucophane Na2MG3Al2Si8O22(OH)2
           • blue schist metamorphism
         • Hornblende (K,Na)0-1(Mg,Fe2+,Fe3+,Al)5(Si6-8,Al2-0)O22(OH)2
           • K,Na in A-site (in between flat side of chains)
           • Amphibolite
     • Pyroxenoid Group
       • Wollastonite CaSiO3
       • Rhodonite MnSiO3
       • Pectolite NaCa2(SiO3)3H
   • Nesosilicates (Isolated Tetrahedral Silicates) [SiO4]4-
     • Garnet Group A3B2(SiO4)3
       • Pyralspite Series
         • Pyrope Mg3Al2Si3O12
           • metamorphic
         • Almandine Fe3Al2Si3O12
           • metamorphic
         • Spessartine Mn3Al2Si3O12
           • in clay
       • Ugrandite Series
         • Uvarovite Ca3Cr2Si3O12
           • green
         • Grossular Ca3Al2Si3O12
           • in clay
         • Andradite Ca3Fe2Si3O12
     • Olivine Group
       • Forsterite Mg2SiO4
       • Fayalite Fe2SiO4
     • Humite Group
       • Norbergite Mg3SiO4(OH,F)2
       • Chondrodite Mg5(SiO4)2(OH,F)2
     • Aluminosilicate Group
       • Andalusite Al2SiO5
         • contact metamorphism; orthorhombic
         • top section of diagram
       • Kyanite Al2SiO5
         • triclinic
         • left side of diagram
       • Sillimanite Al2SiO5
         • orthorhombic
         • right side of diagram
   • Sorosilicates (Paired Tetrahedral Silicates) [Si2O7]6-
     • Epidote Group
       • Epidote Ca2(Al,Fe)Al2O(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH)
       • Clinozoisite Ca2Al3OSiO4Si2O7(OH)

2. Native Element

   • Native Metal Group
     • Gold Au
     • Silver Ag
     • Platinum Pt
     • Copper Cu
   • Native Semimetal Group
     • Arsenic As
     • Antimony Sb
     • Bismuth Bi
   • Native Nonmetal Group
     • Diamond C
     • Graphite C
     • Sulfur S

3. Sulfide (X)S

   • Chalcopyrite CuFeS2 Copper Iron Sulfide
   • Bornite Cu5FeS4 Copper Iron Sulfide
   • Sphalerite ZnS Zinc Sulfide
   • Galena PbS Lead Sulfide
   • Pyrrhotite Fe1-xS Iron Sulfide
   • Pentlandite (Ni,Fe)9S8 Nickel/Iron Sulfide
   • Molybdenite MoS2 Molybenum(IV) Sulfide
   • Millerite NiS Nickel Sulfide
   • Cinnabar HgS Silver Sulfide
   • Covellite CuS Copper(II) Sulfide
   • Chalcocite Cu2S Copper(IV) Sulfide
   • Pyrite FeS2 Iron(IV) Sulfide
   • Marcasite FeS2 Iron(IV) Sulfide
   • Arsenopyrite FeAsS Iron Arsenic Sulfide
   • Orpiment As2S3 Arsenic Sulfide
   • Realgar AsS Arsenic Sulfide

4. Halide

   • Halite NaCl Sodium Chloride
   • Sylvite KCl Potassium Chloride
   • Fluorite CaF2 Calcium Fluoride

5. Carbonate

   • Calcite CaCO3 Calcium Carbonate
   • Magnesite MgCO3 Magnesium Carbonate
   • Siderite FeCO3 Iron Carbonate
   • Rhodochrosite MnCO3 Manganese Carbonate
   • Smithsonite ZnCO3 Zinc Carbonate
   • Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2 Calcium Magnesium Carbonate
   • Ankerite CaFe(CO3)2 Calcium Iron Carbonate
   • Aragonite CaCO3 Calcium Carbonate
     • Calcite polymorph
   • Witherite BaCO3 Barium Carbonate
   • Strontianite SrCO3 Strontium Carbonate
   • Cerussite PbCO3 Lead Carbonate
   • Malachite Cu2CO3(OH)2 Copper Hydroxycarbonate
   • Azurite Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 Copper Hydroxycarbonate
   • Trona Na3H(CO3)2*2H2O Sodium hydrocabonate 2H2O

6. Hydroxide

   • Gibbsite Al(OH)3 Aluminum Hydroxide
   • Brucite Mg(OH)3 Magnesium Hydroxide

7. Phosphate

   • Monazite (Ce,La,Th,Y)PO4 Cerium/Lanthanum/Thorium/Yttrium Phosphate
   • Apatite Ca(PO4)3(OH,F,Cl) Calcium Phosphate Hydroxide/Fluoride/Chloride
   • Pyromorphite Pb5(PO4)3Cl Lead Phosphate Chloride
   • Turquoise CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8*4H2O Hydrous Calcium Aluminum Phosphate Hydroxide

8. Sulfate

   • Anhydrite CaSO4 Calcium Sulfate
     • anhydrous gypsum
   • Barite BaSO4 Barium Sulfate
   • Celestite SrSO4 Strontium Sulfate
   • Anglesite PbSO4 Lead Sulfate
   • Gypsum CaSO4*2H2O Hydrous Calcium Sulfate

9. Oxide

   • Rutile TiO2 Titantium Oxide
   • Hematite Fe2O3 Iron(III) Oxide
   • Corundum Al2O3 Aluminum Oxide
   • Ilmenite FeTiO3 Iron Titanium Oxide
   • Cassiterite SnO2 Tin Oxide
   • Pyrolusite MnO2 Manganese Oxide
     • Manganese fireworks when oxidized "pyro"
   • Columbite (Fe,Mn)Nb2O6 Iron/Manganese Niobium Oxide
   • Tantalite (Fe,Mn)Ta2O6 Iron/Manganese Tantalum Oxide
   • Spinel MgAl2O4 Magnesium Aluminum Oxide
   • Magnetite Fe3O4 Iron Oxide
   • Chromite FeCr2O4 Iron Chromium Oxide
   • Uraninite UO2 Uranium Oxide

10. Borate

    • Borax Na2B4O5(OH)6*5H2O Sodium Boron Oxide Hydroxide Hydrate(5)
    • Ulexite NaCaB5O6(OH)6*5H2O Sodium Calcium Boron oxide Hydroxide Hydrate(5)

11. Tungstate

    • Huebnerite MnWO4 Manganese Tungstate
    • Ferberite FeWO4 Iron Tungstate
    • Scheelite CaWO4 Calcium Tungstate