Atoms

Atoms

1. Structure

   • Particles
     • Electrons
       • Negative charge
       • Number of electrons = number of protons 
     • Protons
       • Positive charge 
       • Number of protons = number of electrons 
       • Atomic number is the number of protons in the atom 
       • Atomic mass is the total weight of the atom (the number of protons + number of neutrons) 
     • Neutrons
       • No charge 
       • Atomic mass is the total weight of the atom (number of protons + number of neutrons)
   • Nucleus
     • Center of the atom that contains protons & neutrons 
   • Orbital
     • Space where electrons reside 
     • Innermost shell holds up to 2 electrons, any shell beyond that can hold up to 8 
     • The outermost shell is known as the valence shell 

2. How they interact

   • Electron sharing bonds
     • Covalent bond
       • Electrons can be shared equally or unequally depending on an atom's electronegativity 
       • Strongest bond 
       • Oxygen has the highest electronegativity, followed by nitrogen, with carbon and hydrogen being the least electronegative respectively. 
       • Polar
         • Electrons are shared unequally 
       • Nonpolar
         • Electrons are shared equally 
   • Bonds due to attraction of charge
     • Ionic bonds
       • Two ionic atoms interacting 
       • Strongest charge based bond 
     • Hydrogen bonds
       • When hydrogen is in a polar covalent bond, it becomes lightly charged. This partial positive charged end on hydrogen interacts with a negatively charged atom to form a hydrogen bond 
     • Vanderwaal's interactions
       • Electrons end up stacked on one side of an atom, resulting in a quick & temporary charge 

3. Variations

   • Ions
     • Gain or loss of electrons that forms a charged atom 
     • Cation
       • Positive charge
     • Anion
       • Negative charge 
   • Isotope
     • Alteration in the number of neutrons in the nucleus that makes the nucleus unstable 

4. How they are represented

   • Formulas
     • Molecular
     • Structural
   • Models
     • Space filling
     • Ball & Stick

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