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CYOA-Concepts of Ch. 2

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Changes in Energy and Chemical Reactions
- Chemical Reactions involve changes in bonds
- 9. How reactions occur
  - Reactions that release energy occur on their own
  - Reactions that absorb energy need an outside source
- 10. Parts of a reaction
  - Chemical reaction - process that changes one set of chemicals into another
  - Reactants - Elements/Compounds entering a chemical reaction
  - Products - Elements/Compounds produces by a chemical reaction
  - Activation energy - Energy needed to start a reaction
- Organisms must have a source of energy in order to carry out chemical reactions
Functions of Enzymes
- What enzymes are
  - Substrates - reactants of enzyme reactions, bind to active site of enzymes
  - Provide a site where reactants are brought together to react
  - Are biological catalysts, are in cells
  - Catalyst - Substance that speeds up rate of Chemical Reaction
- Uses of enzymes
  - Make needed materials
  - Transfer information
  - Control chemical pathways
  - release energy
- 8. How enzymes are affected
  - Activity can be affected by temperature, pH, and regulatory molecules
  - Can be switched "on" and "off" by regulatory molecules
Qualities of Carbon
- Carbon bonds
  - 1. Elements it can bond with
    - Can bond with many elements including H, O, P, S, and N
    - Can form molecules of life with these elements
  - 2. Types of bonds
    - Can form strong covalent bonds
    - Carbons can bind to each other, forming chains
    - Can form single, double, or triple covalent bonds
- Have 4 valence electrons
The four groups of macromolecules
- Smaller units - monomers - join to form larger units - polymers
- Carbohydrates
  - Consist of C,H, and O
  - 3. Uses of Carbs
    - Main source of energy
    - Also used for structure
  - Is sugar, stored as starch
  - 4. Types of sugar molecules
    - Polysaccharides - molecules composed of several sugars - includes glycogen
    - Monosaccharides - molecules that are only one sugar - includes glucose, galactose, fructose
- Lipids
  - consist of mostly C and H
  - Uses of lipids
    - Another form of energy storage
    - Also used for waterproofing
  - Are formed when glycerol combines with fatty acids
  - 6. Types of lipids
    - Saturated - fatty acids cannot hold any more H atoms
    - Unsaturated - Contains at least 1 C=C bond
- Proteins
  - Consist of N, C, H, and O
  - made of amino acids - made of an amino acid group and a carboxyl group
  - 7. Uses of proteins
    - Control rate of reactions
    - Form important cellular structures
    - Regulate cell processes
    - Transport substances in and out of cells
    - Fight disease
  - Amino acid bonding
    - Any amino acid can join with another
    - By bonding an amino group to a carboxyl group
- Nucleic Acids
  - Store and transmit genetic information
  - Are DNA and RNA
  - 5. What they are made of
    - Consists of H, O, N, C, and P
    - Made of nucleotides - made of 5-carbon sugar, P group, and nitrogenous base