CYOA-Concepts of Ch. 2

CYOA-Concepts of Ch. 2

1. Changes in Energy and Chemical Reactions

   • Chemical Reactions involve changes in bonds
   • 9. How reactions occur
     • Reactions that release energy occur on their own
     • Reactions that absorb energy need an outside source
   • 10. Parts of a reaction
     • Chemical reaction - process that changes one set of chemicals into another
     • Reactants - Elements/Compounds entering a chemical reaction
     • Products - Elements/Compounds produces by a chemical reaction
     • Activation energy - Energy needed to start a reaction
   • Organisms must have a source of energy in order to carry out chemical reactions

2. Functions of Enzymes

   • What enzymes are
     • Substrates - reactants of enzyme reactions, bind to active site of enzymes
     • Provide a site where reactants are brought together to react
     • Are biological catalysts, are in cells
     • Catalyst - Substance that speeds up rate of Chemical Reaction
   • Uses of enzymes
     • Make needed materials
     • Transfer information
     • Control chemical pathways
     • release energy
   • 8. How enzymes are affected
     • Activity can be affected by temperature, pH, and regulatory molecules
     • Can be switched "on" and "off" by regulatory molecules

3. Qualities of Carbon

   • Carbon bonds
     • 1. Elements it can bond with
       • Can bond with many elements including H, O, P, S, and N
       • Can form molecules of life with these elements
     • 2. Types of bonds
       • Can form strong covalent bonds
       • Carbons can bind to each other, forming chains
       • Can form single, double, or triple covalent bonds
   • Have 4 valence electrons

4. The four groups of macromolecules

   • Smaller units - monomers - join to form larger units - polymers
   • Carbohydrates
     • Consist of C,H, and O
     • 3. Uses of Carbs
       • Main source of energy
       • Also used for structure
     • Is sugar, stored as starch
     • 4. Types of sugar molecules
       • Polysaccharides - molecules composed of several sugars - includes glycogen
       • Monosaccharides - molecules that are only one sugar - includes glucose, galactose, fructose
   • Lipids
     • consist of mostly C and H
     • Uses of lipids
       • Another form of energy storage
       • Also used for waterproofing
     • Are formed when glycerol combines with fatty acids
     • 6. Types of lipids
       • Saturated - fatty acids cannot hold any more H atoms
       • Unsaturated - Contains at least 1 C=C bond
   • Proteins
     • Consist of N, C, H, and O
     • made of amino acids - made of an amino acid group and a carboxyl group
     • 7. Uses of proteins
       • Control rate of reactions
       • Form important cellular structures
       • Regulate cell processes
       • Transport substances in and out of cells
       • Fight disease
     • Amino acid bonding
       • Any amino acid can join with another
       • By bonding an amino group to a carboxyl group
   • Nucleic Acids
     • Store and transmit genetic information
     • Are DNA and RNA
     • 5. What they are made of
       • Consists of H, O, N, C, and P
       • Made of nucleotides - made of 5-carbon sugar, P group, and nitrogenous base

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