Mapa mental

Changing Populations

Oliver Callaghan Geography AS - Level Inglés

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Indicators's
- infant mortality better than death rates
  - LICs younger pops
    - Afghanistan 50% under 15
    - so not many elderly dying
  - infant mortality is per 1000 births
    - accurate healthcare comparison
- tradition affecting fertellity
  - cultural factors religion
    - Catholics/Muslims frown upon contraception
  - large families show wealth
  - role of women
    - expected to marry & bear kids young ages
      - Asia & Africa difficult for women to break pattern
    - HICs very fair
- Education affecting fertility
  - knowledge of birth control
  - freedom to choose
    - marry/start families later
  - women cfareers
    - lifts out of poverty
      - no need for farm kids
        urbanisation also
- Usefulness of infant mortality
  - HICs have high as it suggests
    - high hygiene standards
    - good standard of nutrition & nourishment
    - good maternity care
    - high % access clean water
    - healthy domestic conditions
- Birth rate & Fertility rate being different
  - birth rate no. babies per 1000
  - fertility rate avg. no. babies women would have over lifetime
Migration
- How much it changes depends on
  - in or out?
  - how many people
  - age/sex groups
  - duration
  - permanent or temporary
- Pakistan in-migration
  - 1.6 mil Afghan refugees registered
    - more men than women
      - in 19-34 age grounp
        economically active adults
  - largest single refugee pop in world
  - But they're coping!
  - LIC low life expect. anywasy
    - few elderly narrow top of pyramid
  - wide base many kids
    - refugees of child bearing ages
    - high birth rates - low contraception
- Poland out-migration
  - 2004 joined EU
    - 3rd largest UK ethnic group after Indian/Pakistani
  - HIC long life expectancy
    - large % elderlies need support
  - low fertility rates
    - use of contraception
    - desire for small families
    - narrow base few kids
      - child bearers going & families
  - slightly more women left
    - males leaving
  - narrowing in certain groups
    - economically active adults
- Economic, social and political implications of Migration
  - Senegal
    - high unemployment poor living conditions
    - young men illegal boats to Canaries for EU access
    - migrants experience trauma & illness
      - from stressful & dangerous 7 day crossings
    - men leave behind wives & kids - family seperations
    - they get low paid tourist work
    - send back remittances to families - may be only source of income
      - but many die so lose main source of income & loved ones
    - Spanish authorities must feed & accomodate migrants
      - immigration services process each one
      - but Spain get cheap & flexible labour source
        for tourism hotels & catering
        most migrants eventually get work & pay tax
  - Spain & Senegal working together
    - Spanish recruitment agencies
      - legal immigration
        migrants don't pay fees
        no dangerous crossing
    - low paid jobs dismissed by locals taken by migrants
    - Spain provided money to improve living conditions in Dakar
  - Dubai - expanding finance & tourism economy
    - dependant on immigration
      - actively encouraged
    - socially divisive
      - skilled HIC workers
        get high paid tax free wages
      - semi-skilled construction staff Indian subcontinent
        forced live overcrowed labour camps
        passports confiscated
        $5 a day
  - HIC reduced demand unskilled labour
    - tightened restrictions over economic migrants from LICs
    - vs. increase demand ICT education health staff Germany
      - encouraged skilled labour via German Green Card System (points based)
- Qatar population structure
  - 2010 highest GDP per Capita $100k
    - 19.4% economic growth
      - due to oil & gas
  - professionals from HICs AND non-skilled staff South Asia
    - sometimes only earn $1200 a year
  - 1.5 mil total pop
    - just 20% arab
    - 20% Indian ... etc
    - 80% foreign pop
  - not many over 65s
    - immigrants return home
  - unusual shape 75% migrantys are men
    - bulge 20-65 males
  - wider base than expected for HIC
    - arabic culture high birth rates
      - but old traditions going?
UK Demographic Ageing
- longevity
  - increase in % elderlies in country
    - called 'greying'
    - next year in UK more over 65s than under 16s expected
- Causes of UK ageing
  - healthcare vaccines & scans
  - housing conditions central heating
  - healthy living education
  - leisure & recreation facilities
  - earlier retirement decreases stress
  - social services e.g. home help
  - avg. increase in wealth last 30 years
  - de0industrialisation better air quality
- Polarisation
  - elderly are mixed group of people
  - health & active
    - vs. Bedridden 24/7 care
  - High Income & Assets
    - vs. state dependant & no assets
  - family for support vs no family
  - partner vs alone
  - over half Britains pensioners rely on more than 75% income from state
- refer to 15 marker pg 29
- Economic Implications
  - Negative
    - costs of paying
      - financial pressure on gov's
        hard to fund NHS care homes etc
    - financial pressure on individuals
      - pay for healthcare or care homes
    - pressure on economically active to support elderly dependents
      - life expect up birth rates low?
        dependancy ratio high
        increase retirement age
        less jobs for youngsters
        unemployment up - even less workers paying tax
        presciption cost & pension contributions
    - made worse by massive public debt
    - individuals increasingly being expected fund own retirements private pension schemes (workplace pension)
  - Positive
    - increase employment & business opportunities
      - grey market consumers
        cruises
    - Voluntary sector
      - more volunteers
        Cancer Research
    - Family childcare
      - adults can work!
        not get benefits
      - gov needn't subsidise care
- Social Implications
  - Positive
    - grandparents
      - most positive role models
        active part in kids upbringing
    - volunteers
      - help others & organisations
      - charity & donations
      - benefit of wisdom & experience
        valued opinions
        especially in Japan!
        respects old people loads
      - pass down skills
        kntiting? traditions?
  - Negative
    - Polarised elderlies (living standards)
      - gets worse as benefit dependents incomes fall
    - personal family stress
      - funding retirement homes
        less kids inheritence
        worse education?
        elderly feel 'guilty'
    - return to extended families to care
    - geographical segregation
      - care homes & 'grey ghettoes'
    - discrimination against elderly workplace
    - social provision for youngsters cut?
      - more crime ...
- Political Implications
  - Government's ways of funding ageing population
    - cut free dental & eye check ups for economically actives
    - VAT on heating bills
    - forced people to pay own nursing homes
    - slowed state pension increases encouraged private pensions - workplace
    - raised retirement age & public sector pension contributions
  - Grey Vote
    - youngsters show less politcal interest
    - parties rely on elderlies votes
      - only concerned about old people's policies
  - Increased in-migraton levels
    - compensate for smaller economically active population
      - more needed to pay tax & NI
      - work in healthcare & social services

Información

Descripción: AS - Level (Population) Geography Mapa Mental sobre Changing Populations, creado por Oliver Callaghan el 18/03/2016.
Creado por: Oliver Callaghan
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