3.1-Animal cells and asexual reproduction

3.1-Animal cells and asexual reproduction

1. Mitosis

   • Interphase
     • Prophase
       • Metaphase
         • Anaphase
           • Telophase
             • Membrane reforms
           • Centromeres seperate
           • Chromatids pulled towards pole centromere first
         • Nuclear membrane breaks down
         • Spindles made from centrioles
         • Chromatids line up on equator
       • Chromosomes coil and condense
         • Two chromatids
       • Centrioles begin to seperate
       • Nucleolus breaks down
     • Increase in mass And size and replicate

2. The characteristics of eukaryotic cells

   • Nucleus
     • Largest organelle
     • Controls the events of the cytoplasm
     • Contains RNA and DNA
   • Nucleolus
   • Nuclear membrane
     • Double membrane
     • Surrounds nucleus
   • Nuclear pore
     • To allow chemicals to pass in and out of the necleus
   • Mitochondrion
     • Power house of the cell
     • Release energy in the form of ATP
     • Have outer and inner membrane
       • Inner membrane folds to form cristae
       • Surrounded by fluid matrix
       • Stalked particles
   • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
     • Synthesis and transport of fatty molecules (steroids and lipids)
     • Tubular
   • Cell surface membrane
     • Edge of cell
   • Vacuole
     • Not permanent in animal cells
     • Form around prey engulfed
   • Golgi body
     • Stacks of parallel flattened membrane pockets
       • Cisternae
     • Modifies and transports out of cell
   • Roughy Endoplasmic reticulum
     • Covered in ribosomes
       • Makes proteins
     • Isolates proteins and transports them
     • Large surface area
   • Centrioles
     • Come in pairs (criss cross)
     • Madeup of nine tubules
   • Lysosomes
     • Break down substances
       • Using digestive enzymes

3. Growth

   • Cell division
     • Basis of growth
   • Assimilation
     • Photosynthesis produce new material needed for cell
   • Cell expansion
     • When cells get redress ther need. They expand
   • Things that effect it
     • Availability of food
     • Temperature
     • Light intensity
     • Genetic make-up
   • Growth paterns
     • Continuous growth
       • When things grow throughout life
     • Discontinuous growth
       • When living things moult then grow again

4. The organisaton of cells

   • Multicellular organisms made up of SPECIALISED CELLS
     • Don't work on own so organized into groups of TISSUES
       • Don't operate in isolation. Further organized to ORGANS
         • Work together with other organs to create a SYSTEM
         • Eg heart, lungs, liver ect...
       • Consist of one or more types of cell
       • Group of similar cells
       • 4 main types
         • Epithelial tissues
         • Connective tissue
         • Nervous tissue
         • Muscle tissue

5. Asexual reproduction and natural cloning

   • One parent
   • Produces clones
   • Strategies of AR
     • Binary fission
       • Mitosis followed by splitting
       • In simple organisms
     • Regereration
       • Replace parts of body
     • Producing spores
       • Mitosis and producing asexual spores
       • Spread over great distances
     • Producing buds
       • Vegetative propagation
         • Occurs in flowering plants
         • Forms structure which develops into individule
         • Mitotic division
       • Budding
         • Mitotic divisions
         • Smaller but identical individual
         • Outgrowth from parent

6. Cell division

   • Asexual reproduction
     • Genetically identical offspring from one parent
   • Chromosomes
     • Made up of mass of coupled DNA threads
   • DNAwraps around histone
     • Forms necleosome
       • These coil together
         • Then super coil to form a chromosome
   • The cell cycle
     • Sequence of events when cells divide
     • Interphase
       • Mitosis
         • Cytokinesis
         • I Pee (on a) M A T
       • G1
       • S
       • G2

7. Looking at cells

   • Light/ Optical microscope
     • Advantages
       • Living things can be seen
       • They are fairly cheap
       • Can be moved around easily
     • Disadvantages
       • Staining can produce artifacts
       • Limited powers of resolution and magnification
   • Electron microscope
     • Advantages
       • Huge powers of resolution and magnification
     • Disadvantages
       • Impossible to view living things
       • Servers treatment artifacts could be produced
       • Extremely expensive
       • Can't be moved
       • ,use be kept under certain conditions
   • Prokaryote cells
     • Nucleoid
       • Nuclear material in single coiled strand
     • Cell surface membrane
     • Cell wall
     • Small 70's ribosomes
     • Glycogen granuales, Lipid droplets
     • *not in all bacteria
       • Flagellum (tail)
       • Plasmids
       • Mesosome
         • Where respiration takes place
       • Photosynthetic membranes