Mapa mental

Anatomy & Physiology

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Muscular System
- 600 Muscles with:
  - The Characteristics of:
    - Essential for Excercise
      - in which there are 3 ways of Contraction During Excercise
        Eccentric (Lengthening)
        Isometric (Static)
        Concentric (Shortening)
        are impotant for Bone Movements
        Muscle Spindles Stretch Reflex (Monosynaptic & Polysynaptic), Golgi Tendon Organ Tension Relfex & The Reflex Arc
        at joints
    - Irritability
    - Contractability
    - Elasticity
    - Extensibility
    - Conductivity
      - Muscles receive impulses from:
        the Neuromuscular Junction
        Containing: Axion, Axion Terminal, Acetylcholine, Sarcolemma, Receptors, & Synaptic Cleft
        Contraction Happens because of:
        The Sliding Filament Theory
        uses: Z lines, Myosin, Actin, Calcium, ATP, Tropomysoin, Myofibril
      - Motor Units
        All-or-none Principle
  - are named after:
    - Direction of Fibres
    - Location
    - Number of Heads
    - Shape of Muscle
    - Action of Muscle
    - Points of Attachment
  - 4 Major Muscle Groups which are:
    - Anterior: Quadriceps, Abdominals & Pectorals
    - Posterior: Hamstrings, Rotator Cuffs, Erector Spinae, Rhomboids, Gluteals & Calf Muscles
- Functions
  - Stability & Support
  - Heat Production
  - Movement
- 3 Types
  - Cardiac (Involuntary)
  - Skeletal Muscles (Voluntary)
    - Examples are:
      - Deltoid ( Trangle shape = Delta)
      - Pronator Quadratus (Pronates Forearm)
      - Sternocleidomastoid (Attaches at Sternum, Clavicle and Mastoid Process)
      - Triceps (3 heads = Tri)
      - Tibialis Anterior (Anterior Side)
      - Rectus Abdominus (rectus)
      - Pectoralis Major
      - Popliteus
      - Gastrocnemius
    - Anatomy:
      - Skeletal Muscle Fibre, Sarcolemma, Sarcoplasm, Sarcomeres, & Sarcoplamic Reticulum
  - Smooth (Involuntary)
    - Examples: are:
      - Esophagus & Stomach
- Some injuries are:
  - Tedonitis
  - Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS)
  - Muscle Strains & Tears
The Skeletal System
- Consists of 206 Bones
  - divided into Appendicular (126 bones) & Axial (80 bones)
    - of which there are 5 Types of Bones:
      - Irregular
        For example:
        Vertebrae
        Mandible
      - Short
        For example:
        Carpals
        Tarsals
        Which can have landmarks that serves as a guide to the locations of other body structures
        For Example: Tibial Tuberosity, Lateral Border, Greater Trochanter, etc.
      - Sesamoid
        For example:
        Patella
      - Long Bones
        For Example:
        Femur
        Radius
        Humerus
        The parts of a long bone are:
        Cartilage, Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Cancellous Bone, Medullary Cavity, Periostem, Cortex, Compact Bone, Epiphyseal Plate
      - Flat
        For Example:
        Scapulae
        Cranial Bones
    - Axial consists of bones more medial on the body.
    - Appendicular consists of bones more lateral
  - Which move about the joints
    - Joints are Classified in 3 different ways:
      - Fibrous
        Cartilaginous
        Synovial Joints...
        have characteristics such as...
        Articular Cartilage, Joint Capsule, Joint Cavity, Bursae, Intrinsic & Extrinsic ligaments
        There are 6 types of Synovial Joints:
        Hinge Joints
        Pivot Joints
        Gliding Joints
        Ball & Socket Joints
        Ellipsoid Joints
        Saddle Joints
      - Some joint related Injuries & Diseases are:
        Dislocations & Seperations
        Osrteoarthiritis
        Rotator Cuff Tears: injury that involves one or all four muscles that make up the Rotator cuff at the shoulder: Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor & Subscapularis
- has 5 Functions which are:
  - Protection
  - Cell Production
  - Mineral Reservoir
  - Movement
  - Structural Support
- Together they make
- can have Injuries such as:
  - Fractures (bone breaks)
  - Shin Splints (painful condition)
  - Osteoporosis
  - Which are naturally healed and put back together with the Bone Remodelling Cycle
    - Step 1: Resorption
      - Step 2: Reversal
        Step 3: Bone Formation
        Step 4: Mineralization
    - This processs consists of:
      - Osteoblasts (bone forming cells), Osteoid (gelatin-like substance), Osteoclasts (bone deconstruction cells)
the Musculoskeletal System and are connected:
- Via Tendons (indirectly)
- Outer membrance of muscle attaches to outer membrane of bone (directly)