Theorists

Theorists

1. Cooley

   • One develops a self-image via their reflection
   • People form their self from reflection & response gained during socialisation.
   • Person imagines how they appear to others
   • Person imagines the judgement people are making
   • Looking Glass Self

2. Goffman - Stigmas

   • May use disidentifies
   • Stigmatised people don't have full social acceptance
   • Individuals possess trait that turn people away from them
   • Some may try to compensate by criticizing 'normals' or hiding
   • May be seen as weak or helpless

3. Goffman - dramaturgical

   • Manner - how the individual plays the role and warns audience of how performer will act
   • Front Stage - where the character performs & adheres to conventions
   • Performance - activity of individual in front of particular audience
   • Backstage - actors get to be their true self
   • Social interaction is like a theatre & people are the actors

4. Becker

   • Self Fulfilling prophecy
   • Individuals identity depends on how they're labelled by individuals with power
   • Suggests that an act only becoes deviant when others precieve it be deviant

5. Mead

   • 'I' is response of the persons individuality
   • 'me' is expectations and attitudes of others
   • Self has the ability to put ourselves into the place of others
   • Self arises through social experiences
   • Play Stage - learn to take the attiudes of others
   • Game Stage - children take the roles of others
   • Generalised other = the individual defines their behaviour with reference to gederalised attitude of the social group

6. Weber

   • Inequality could be influecned by things other than the economy
   • Status difference is at the heart of economy but its not just class
   • Between 1950 and 1990 white people had more status than black people

7. Baudrillard

   • Hyper Reality
   • Media Saturated Society

8. Bourdieu

   • Cultural Capital
   • 'taste' depends on education and class
   • Need to define what's good taste

9. Freud

   • Phallic Stage - intersted in genitals
   • Early Childhood Experiences
   • Id - impulsive pleasure principle
   • Ego - reality principle
   • Superego is moral principle

10. Parker

    • Occupation influences the leisure activities we choose
    • Working class extrinsic rewards & leisure provides escape such as pub
    • Middle class intrisic rewards leisure links to work such as playing golf with work mates

11. Clark and Critcher

    • Inequality of leisure opportunity
    • Material - need acces to key resources such as time and money
    • Cultural - what is appropriate leisure depending on social class
    • Constraint as shows inequalities present in society as ruling class gain more

12. Gidden Projects of Self

    • Can have sex changes
    • Body is no longer fixed
    • Changing the body isn't always natural
    • Body is a project
    • Can be shaped through diet, exercise and cosmetically
    • If you can afford surgery you can change undesired body parts

13. Giddens Runaway World

    • Globalisation undermines the ability of institutions
    • Manufactured risks - man made and have arisen as result of new technologies and advances of science
    • Detraditionalisation - Traditional ways of acting in society are ending as they are exposed to new cultures through globalisation
    • Cosmopolitanism - individuals less restrained by tradion and can pick cultural aspects that suit them