Cohesion

Cohesion

1. `Lexical Cohesion

   • Lexical repetition
     • Two or more words that are repeated, usually with positive connotation.
     • Word family
       • Two or more words that share a common root.
         • Eg: Clean, cleaner, cleanser and cleaning
       • Semantic field
         • A number of words that are thematically related, sharing a topc in common.
         • Synonymy
           • Two or more words with very closely related meanings.
           • Antonymy
             • Two forms with opposite meanings, can be gradable smaller/ older, non-gradable married/ single, reversive pack/ unpack, converse sell/ buy
             • Hyponymy
               • The hierarchical relationships between the meaning of one form included in the meaning of another.
                 • Living thing ( superordinate) Creature (co-hyponym) Eg. A horse is a kind of animal
               • Metonymy
                 • The association of words based on contiguity. It selects a related term and acts by supressing an idea.
                   • Based on
                     • Container, contents relation. Eg. Bottle/water. Whole part relation g. Wheels/car.
                 • Homophones
                   • Two or more different written terms that have the same pronunciation. Eg eight/write
                   • Homonyms
                     • The same terms written and spoken that have two or more unrelated meanings
                       • Bat (flying creature) BAT (USE IN SPORTS)
                     • Polysemy
                       • Two or more words with the same form and related meanings.
                         • Foot of a person, foot of a bed or foot of a mountain.

2. Grammatical Cohesion

   • Reference
     • Exophoric Reference
       • Occurs when the definite article or a pronoun is outside the text.
     • Cataphoric Reference
       • Occurs when the definite article or a pronoun can anticipate the referent.
     • Anaphoric Reference
       • Occurs when the definite article or a pronoun has already been mentioned before.
     • Substitution
       • A process in which the subject, the object or a whole idea is replaced by
         • One/ones/so/not/do/does/did
       • Ellipsis
         • The subject, object or whole ideas are completely ommited.
         • Conjuctions
           • Words and phrases which express how items should be linked.
             • Types
               • Additive
                 • Relations of addition, exemplification, similarity, or emphasis
                   • Also, too, as well, moreover, in addition.
               • Adversative
                 • Relations of contrast or alternatives
                   • But, though, however, in fact
               • Causal
                 • Relations of cause and result
                   • This is why, so, therefore, as a result
               • Temporal
                 • Relations of sequence in time
                   • Next, then, finally
           • Tense
             • Future
               • Past
                 • Present