The Cold War

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1. Truman Doctrine

American foreign policy whose stated purpose was to counter Soviet geopolitical expansion during war

1st announced to the Congress President Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947 and further developed on July 12, 1948 when he pledged to contain threats for Greece and Turkey as $400 million

Truman rested money by Congress for supporting free people who are resisting attempting subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures

2. The Berlin Wall

1958: Khrushchev wanted to establish a peace treaty that would put West Germany under control of East Germany

President Kennedy stood on the side of WG

When Khrush. met Kennedy, Kennedy called his plans intolerable

Khrush. demanded that US end its military presence in WG, but Kennedy refused of the action

Then, the conference was meant to relax cold war tensions, but it only increased

Kennedy asked the Congress for increasing military spending

Khrushchev ordered the construction of the wall between W and E Germany, which showed the split between the communist EG and democratic West

Russian and American tanks moved within the range, but neither had claimed victory

3. The Marshall Plan

After WWII, people were faced with shortages of fuel, food, and medicine

George C. Marshall, secretary of state, unveiled a recovery plan for Europe; in early 1948, Congress approved Marshall plan

Over the next four years, the US provided food, fuel to heat houses and factories, and money to jump start economic growth

Help was offered to soviet satellites, but Stalin refused

Good relationships the aide created worked against the expansion of communism

U.S. gave over $13 billion in economic assistance to help rebuild western Europe economies after the war.

Sparked economic recovery and gave back confidence to the European people, and named after George C. Marshall

4. Cuban Missile Crisis

1962: US intelligence discovered that the Soviets were building nuclear missile sites in Cuba; Kennedy demanded the removal of the missiles

Kennedy blamed Nikita Khrushchev, Soviet premier, for causing a “reckless and provocative threat to world peace”

He had announced the approval of a naval blockade of Cuba to prevent Soviets from completing the bases

Kennedy promised to remove U.S. missiles in Turkey and Italy if the Soviets removed their missiles in Cuba

After six days, Khrushchev honored to agree to the blockade and remove missiles

Pending Nuclear War

Khrushchev lost prestige and Kennedy emerged as a more mature and thoughtful leader

Telephone line between Moscow and Washington

One year after the crisis, United States, Great Britain, and Soviet Union signed the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty: first nuclear-weapons agreement that ended above ground nuclear tests

5. Berlin Airlift

In June 1948 Stalin was determined to capture West Berlin so he stopped all highway, railway, and waterway traffic from Western Germany into West Berlin.

The Soviet blockade causes more than 2 million West Berliners to face severe shortages of food and other vital supplies.

For more than a year, American and British pilots flew around the clock deliveries into the cities

Each pane brought food, medical supplies, clothing, toys, and occasionally candy to the desperate population.

The Berlin airlift showed to West Berlin and the Soviet Union how far the United States would go to protect noncommunist parts of Europe and contain communism.

In June 1948, the Russians–who wanted Berlin all for themselves–closed all highways, railroads and canals from western-occupied Germany into western-occupied Berlin.

Russians believed it would make it impossible for people who lived there to get food or supplies, and it would eventually drive, Britain, France, and the U.S out of the city for good.

This didn’t work and the U.S decided to drop their supplies from the air.

6. Bays of Pigs Invasion

CIA attempted to overthrow Fidel Castro by invading Cuba with 1400 trained Cuban Americans who had fled their homes. The invaders were outnumbered by Castro’s troops and surrendered in less than 24 hours.

The invasion was badly mismanaged- poorly equipped forces landed at the site with no protective cover

All but 300 of the 1,400 people were killed or injured

Some people say the failed plan even strengthened Castro's plan in Cuba

Turned many Cuban Americans against Kennedy

7. Suez Crisis

America vs. Russia

Egypt’s President Nissar wanted to use this as an advantage; construct a dam on the Nile River

America and British offered a withdrawal after Nisser spoke with the Soviets

Nationalized the Suez Canal (Put it under government control)

Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea; threatened the flow of Middle Eastern oil to Europe

Without consult, Britain and France plotted to get the Canal back into Western hands; joined forces with Israel

Britain and France used the Suez Crisis as a way to take control of the Suez Canal

Outraged by this action, America refused to supply Britain and France with U.S. Oil

Without the help of America, Britain and France were forced to withdraw their troops from Egypt