Geography Unit 1 Test

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Geographers's Toolkit

A map represents earth's features drawn on a flat surface

Maps use symbols and colours to represent different things

Components of a Map

Title - What area is shown? What is the topic?

Legend - What do the symbols and colours mean?

Scale - How much does one cm measure on the ground?

Direction - Which way is the map facing? (N, S, E, W)

Boarder - What is apart of this map and what isn't?

Date of Publication - How new/old is this map?

Types of Maps:

Large Scale

Small area

A lot of detail

Small Scale

Large area

Little detail

General Purpose Maps

Uses symbols and colours to represent different things

Can be both small scale or large scale

Thematic Maps

Reveals geographic patterns

Digital Maps

On handheld devices

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Provides information about the physical and human world using layers

Latitude

Imaginary lines that measure the distance north or south of the equator (0 degrees)

All lines are 111 km apart

Also known as parallels

Longitude

Imaginary lines that measure the distance east or west of the Prime Meridian (0 degrees)

All lines begin or end at the poles (North/South)

Also known as meridians

Scale

Shows the relationship between the distance on the map and the actual distance on the earth's surface

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The Compass Rose (ALL 22.5 DEGREES APART)

N - 0 degrees or 360 degrees

NNE - 22.5 degrees

NE - 45 degrees

ENE - 67.5 degrees

E - 90 degrees

ESE - 112.5 degrees

SE - 135 degrees

SSE - 157.5 degrees

S - 180 degrees

SSW - 202.5 degrees

SW - 225 degrees

WSW - 247.5 degrees

W - 270 degrees

WNW - 292.5 degrees

NW - 315 degrees

NNW - 337.5 degrees

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Lines of Latitude and Longitude

Important Lines of Latitude

90 degrees North = North Pole

66.5 degrees North = Arctic Circle

23.5 degrees North = Tropic of Cancer

0 degrees = The Equator

23.5 degrees South = Tropic of Capricorn

66.5 degrees South = Antarctic Circle

90 degrees South = South Pole

Important Lines of Longitude

0 degrees = Prime Meridian

180 degrees = International Dateline

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Time Zones of Canada

Pacific Ocean to Atlantic Ocean

Pacific Time Zone - 1

Victoria, British Columbia

Whitehorse, Yukon

Mountain Time Zone - 2

Edmonton, Alberta

Yellowknife, Northwest Territories

Central Time Zone - 3

Regina, Saskatchewan

Winnipeg, Manitoba

Eastern Time Zone - 4

Toronto, Ontario

Ottawa, Ontario

Quebec City, Quebec

Atlantic Time Zone - 5

Fredericton, New Brunswick

Halifax, Nova Scotia

Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island

Iqaluit, Nunavut

Newfoundland Time Zone- 5:30

St. John's, Newfoundland

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Scale

Distance used on a map to represent the actual distance between two points on the ground

1 cm on a map can represent any distance on the ground

Always use a ruler when measuring distance and be as accurate as possible

cm to km = divide by 100 000

km to cm = multiply by 100 000

Linear Scale

The scale of the map is indicated by a line with numbers

Example: The length of a line is 2 cm; so for this map 2 cm on the map represents 1 km on the ground. Or 1 cm represents 0.5 km on the ground

Ratio Scale

This scale of the map is indicated by a ratio

Example:

1:50 000

1 cm on the ground represents 50 000 cm on the ground

But: 100 cm = 1m and 1 000 m = 1km

So: 100 000 cm = 1 km

To find the length in km represented by 1 cm on the map divide the right hand side of the ratio scale by 100 000

Examples:

1:100 000 = 1 cm represents 1 km

1:500 000 = 1 cm represents 5 km

1:1 000 000 = 1 cm represents 10 km

Statement Scale

As the name suggests, the scale is stated or written in full sentences

Examples:

1 cm represents 0.5 km

1 cm represents 190 km

Representative Fraction (RF)

This type of scale basically involves converting a ratio scale into a fraction

Example:

1:50 000 = 1/50 000

CAUTION

Both the top and bottom of a RF scale are expressed in cm

Also, the number "1" must always be the numerator of the fraction

ANY type of scale can be converted into a Representative Fraction

What is the major use for scale?

Determining actual distances by using a map

It is possible to calculate the actual distance between two points

Example:

Map distance = 3 cm, which represents "x" km

Scale = 1:19 000 000 (1 cm represents 190 km

If: 1 cm represents 190 km

And: 3 cm represents "x" km . . . then, by cross-multiplying

("x") x (1) = (3) x (190)

x = 570 km

Therefore, the distance between these points is 570 km

There are two ways of measuring distance on a map:

​​​​​​​"As the Crow Flies"

This refers to the straight line distance between two points

Using paths or routes

You might be asked to measure the distance between two points using a highway, river, pathways, railroad, or other "routes"

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Provinces/Territories & Capital Cities

Canada = Ottawa

British Columbia = Victoria

Alberta = Edmonton

Saskatchewan = Regina

Manitoba = Winnipeg

Ontario = Toronto

Quebec = Quebec City

New Brunswick = Fredericton

Nova Scotia = Halifax

Prince Edward Island = Charlottetown

Newfoundland and Labrador = St John's

Yukon = Whitehorse

Northwest Territories = Yellowknife

Nunavut = Iqaluit

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Bodies of Water

Great Bear Lake

Great Salt Lake

Atlantic Ocean

Arctic Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Hudson's Bay

Lake Ontario

Lake Huron

Lake Michigan

Lake Erie

Lake Superior