College Chem study guide

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Study Guide for College Chemistry Final Outline

Laboratory & Descriptive Chemistry

Solubility Rules - Chart

Density - d=m/v

Formula of a hydrate - Add prefix (indicating number of H2O) and hydrate to the name of the compound. LiCl * H2O Lithium Chloride mono-hydrate

Titration -A process in which one reagent is added to another with which it reacts; an indicator is used to determine the point at which equivalent quantities of the two reagents have been added.

Atomic Structure and Periodicity

Quantum numbers - Numbers used to describe the energy levels available to electrons in atoms.

Electron configurations

Ground State/Excited State

Periodic Trends (Ionization energy, Atomic radius)

Quantum Numbers

Principle QN (n) n = 1,2,3...7 (row/ period)

Orbital or angular momentum QN (l) is s(0), p (1), d (2), f (3). Sublevels

Magnetic QN - (ml) all negative and positive values of (l) l = 1 ml = -1, 0, 1. Number of orbitals.

Spin QN - (ms) +1/2 or -1/2. Rotation of electron.

Stoichiometry and Solutions

Empirical Formula - Multiple = molar mass / simplest (empirical formula mass) to find molecular formula

Dilution

Gas stoichiometry (22.4 L = 1 mole of a gas at STP)

States of Matter

Density

Phase Diagram

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure : Pressure total = P A + P B...

Types of Bonding - 0-0.3 is non-polar covalent; 0.4-2.1 is polar covalent; 2.1.... is ionic

Thermodynamics

Energy diagram

Find delta H

Heat of combustion - is the energy released as heat when a compound undergoes complete combustion with oxygen under standard conditions.

Molecular Structure

Sigma & pi bonding - All sigma bonds are single bonds; in a double bond there is 1 sigma and 1 pi; in a triple bond there is 1 sigma and 2 pi.

Hybridization - Count all bonded atoms and unshared pairs around the central atom. Double and triple bonds count as a single bond. 2 bonds = sp; 3 = sp2; 4 = sp3; 5 = sp3d.....

VSEPR Shapes - handout

Bond length - single bonds are longest; triple bonds are shortest

Reactions in Solution

Ppt Rxns - result in the formation of an insoluble solid that separates from the solution

Acid-base Rxns - or neutralization reactions: result in the formation of water and an ionic compound (i.e. a salt) due to transfer of hydrogen ions (i.e. protons)

Redox Rxns - oxidation-reduction reactions: result in the formation of new compounds due to transfer of electrons among reactants (See Notes packet)

Molarity : M = m/L ; the number of moles of solute per liter of solution

Solution Stoichiometry

Solution Rxns in Quantitative Analysis

Types of neutralization reactions

Strong Acid Strong Base: acid + base => salt + water

Weak Acid Strong Base: HB => H+ + B- ; H+ + OH- => HOH ; HB + OH- => B- +HOH

Strong Acid Weak Base: B + HOH => BH+ + OH- ; H+ + OH- => HOH ; H+ +B => BH+

Gases

The Ideal Gas Law - PV=nRT (R = 0.0821 L atm/ mol K)

Gas Law Calc

Stoichiometry of Gaseous Rxns

Gas Mixtures: Ch.5 pg 91 notes

Kinetic Theory of Gases- Ch.5 pg 95 notes

Real Gases: Deviate from the ideal gas law at high pressures and low temperatures; Ideal gas law neglects attractive forces b/w gas particles and the finite volume of gas particles.