breathing , gaseous exchange and respiration

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Study, draw and label over each diagram

G.e.s. of fish

G.e.s. of insects

The gaseous exchange surface of an

earthworm

G.e.s. of an amoeba

Breathing

the mechanism

1.

Define the term breathing

2.

Outline the sequence of events that occur in the process of

breathing

3.

Describe the sequence of events when breathing in / inhalation*

4.

Outline the path taken by air from outside into the lungs

5.

describe the function of the following parts

a. larynx

b. c shaped cartilage of the

trachea

c. goblet cells and ciliated

epithelial cells of the windpipe

6.

This structure forms a seal around the lungs. and

secretes fluid that lubricates the surface of the lungs that is in contact with

the inner surface of the rib cage---what is the _______________________

7.

Explain the difference between inhaled air and exhaled air.

·

BREATHING IS A mechanism by which air is brought into and

removed from the lungs.

·

1: muscles contract and relax

2:

movement of the rib cage and diaphragm

3:

volume changes

4;

pressure changes

5:

air movement

·

1: external intercostal

muscles contract

Internal intercostals relax

Diaphragm

contracts

2:

rib cage expands up and out

Diaphragm drops

3:

volume of thoraxic cavity increases

4:

pressure decreases below external pressure

5:

air rushes into the lungs and it inflates

·

nose and nasal cavity

Pharynx

at the back

Larynx

/ voice box area

Trachea

/ wind pipe

Left

& right bronchi

Branching

bronchioles

Alveoli

/ air sacs

·

1. It is the voice box

that contains the vocal cords. These vibrate creating sound when air is passed through

2.

These support the trachea leaving space

for is to expand when filled with air

3.

These trap air contaminants in mucus and

sweep it all up to be swallowed.

·

pleural membrane and pleural

fluid

·

inhaled air has

1.

More oxygen 20% vs. 16%

2.

More moisture

3.

More contaminants

4.

Less carbon dioxide 0.3/0.4% vs. 4%

5.

Irregular temperature vs. warm body temperature range

Gaseous exchange

1.

define a gaseous exchange surface

2.

describe some properties that a g.e.s. must have if it

depends on slow passive diffusion for movement

3.

describe the gaseous exchange surface of

a. plants

b. Amoeba

c. worms

4.

describe the gaseous exchange surface of

a. insects

b. fish

c. mammals

·

a surface adapted for the diffusion of carbon

dioxide and oxygen

·

1. it should be thin ensuring a short distance

for travel of the gases

2. it should have a large surface area to maximize

absorption

3. it should be moist as gases diffuse faster when

dissolved in a liquid

4. close to a rapid transport system to move gases to cells

quickly and maintain a steep concentration gradient at the surface

·

1. stomata pores on the under surface of leaves

that allow air to flow into the air spaces of the mesophyll layer

2. The cell surface membrane where gas diffuse across

3. Moist skin as the worm lives in the soil. Surface cells

also secrete mucus for easier diffusion

·

4. tracheal system starting with outer

pores into air channels and chambers

throughout the insects body

5. Gill lamellae that is inflated by oxygenated water

6. Alveoli air sacs that are filled with oxygen rich air at

inhalation

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the uses of anaerobic respiration\ fermentation - the anaerobic process can be directed to produce foods. some of which have become essential today. biotechnology as it is called uses the natural process of anaerobic respiration by various microbes on various substrates to produce different foods as shown in the diagram of the next page.

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Single Cell Protein - SCP

Microorganisms can grow on a whole range of cheap or waste materials, and then they are harvested and purified or processed to become food for humans or livestocks.

If the foodstuff produced is a protein, the product is called single cell protein (SCP).

Many microorganisms are suitable for this process, including algae, yeast, fungi and bacteria.

Advantages of using Microorganisms to Produce SCP

- Rapid growth rates

- Great varieties of substrates can be exploited

- Easy manipulation of genetic characteristics

- Fairly high protein content

- Grow independently of climate

Examples of SCP Production

1. Spirulina

Spirulina is a blue-green bacterium which has been grown for many years as SCP.

It is photosynthetic. It grows in ponds and needs carbon dioxide and inorganic ions only.

Dried Spirulina has a high nutrient value and can be fed to animals.