Morphology

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MORPHOLOGY is the part of grammar that has to do with word STRUCTURE and FORMATION. Morphological knowledge involves separating strings of sound into words, internal word structure, and our lexicon.

Separating strings of words:

[dw®jusiðckælimokðwsmorniŋ]

(Did you see the Kalimoo this morning)

[w§n±u]

(Wouldn't you)

the LEXICON is out mental dictionary.

LEXICONAL CATAGORIES

Open

-Nounds, verbs, adjectives, adverbs.

-Can add new entries

Closed

-pronouns, determiners, prepositions, conjunctions

-Can't add new entries easily

ROOTS

-Root of a words meaning

-belongs to a lexical category

-Can't be analyzed further

AFFIX

-doesn't belong in a lexical category

-can be a prefix, suffix, infix, circumfix

-always a bound morpheme

STEM

-What an affix attached to

-can consist of just a root OR a root+affix (ex: thickened)

prefix: pre-teen re-read suffix: cat-s friend-ly teach-er infix: (Tagalog) bili ‘buy’ b-in-ili ‘bought’ circumfix: (German) kauf ‘buy’ ge-kauf-t ‘bought

MORPHEMES

-Smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function (root or affix)

-Every word is made of one or more morphemes.

TYPES OF MORPHEMES

FREE vs BOUND

-FREE can stand on its own and is a word in of itself (cat, climb, tree, real)

-BOUND can't stand on it's own and must attach to a stem (affixes)

-They can also be roots (fer, ceive)

CONTENT vs FUNCTION

-CONTENT carry meaningful content (write, cat, re-, -ish)

-FUNCTION provide info about grammatical function (-ing, -s, and, the)

DERIVATION vs INFLICITON

-DERIVATION is the creation of new related words (cat - catty)

-INFLICTION creates new grammatical info (tense, number). No change in lexical category. Can be found in nouns, verbs, adjectives. Affixes common but not the only way of infliction.

Roots of: reusable (useable), dehumidifier (humidifier), irreplaceability (responsibility)

Words with following roots: read (reading), time (timely), take (takes)

Deriving words is where drawing trees come in:

MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS is comparing partially similar words and identifying the morpheme based on the words meanings:

ANALYTIC

-sequecnes of free morphemes (no affixes)

-Ex: Mandarin, Veitnamese

SYNTHETIC

-Bound morphemes attached to other morphemes

-Ex: Swahili, Turkish, Spanish, Russian

AGGLUTINATING SYNTHETIC

-morphemes joined loosely together and each one carries only one meaning

FUSIONAL SYNTHETIC

-hard to tell where one morpheme ends and another begins

POLYSYNTHETIC

-Combine several roots/affixes

-Ex: Sora (India), Inuktitut,

NEXT: Allomorphs. No one seems to have a clear cut definition for what the actual fuck these shits are. Here's the best I've found: if exametime fucks this image up i swear to god

Morphology

Structure of Derived Words

Morphological Analysis

Morphological Types of Languages