Test
Intro to Corrections Midterm Study Guide
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Preguntas del test (184)
1Which early colonial bail system enabled rich offenders to pay a fee and be released?
- ASeparate and silent system
- BCorrectional system
- CFee system
- DSystem of gaols
2The stages of which of the following systems are solitary confinement, special prison, open institutions, and ticket of leave?
- AAuburn system
- BPennsylvania system
- CIrish system
- DFee system
3Which theorist suggested that criminal laws should be organized so that the punishment for any act would outweigh the pleasure that would be derived from the act?
- ACesare Beccaria
- BCesare Lombroso
- CGabriel Tarde
- DJeremy Bentham
4Who among the following concluded that criminals had traits that made them throwbacks to earlier stages of evolution?
- ACesare Lombroso
- BCesare Beccaria
- CVoltaire
- DJeremy Bentham
5Which system was known as the "congregate and silent" system?
- AIrish system
- BPennsylvania system
- CFee system
- DAuburn system
6What did the Quakers' criminal code include?
- ACorporal punishments instead of imprisonment
- BFree food and lodging for inmates
- CThe use of stocks and pillories instead of detention
- DCapital punishment for thefts and religious crimes
7What is defined as a legislative authorization to provide a specific range of punishment for a specific crime?
- ACorrectional system
- BPenal code
- CFee system
- DPunishment guide
8Which eighteenth-century theorist is recognized as the founder of the Classical School of criminology?
- ACesare Lombroso
- BVoltaire
- CCesare Beccaria
- DJeremy Bentham
9Which of the following links crime causation to punishment, based on offenders' free will and hedonism?
- AAtavism
- BThe Positive School of Criminology
- CHedonistic calculus
- DThe Classical School of Criminology
10Whose efforts in jail reform led to the passing of the Penitentiary Act in 1779?
- AJohn Howard
- BGabriel Tarde
- CWilliam Penn
- DJeremy Bentham
11Which of the following is based on the belief that criminals do not have complete choice over their criminal actions and may commit act that are beyond their control?
- AThe Classical School
- BThe hedonistic calculus
- CThe Neoclassical School
- DThe Positive School
12What is specific deterrence?
- AThe state of relapse that occurs when offenders complete their criminal punishment and then continue to commit crimes
- BThe incarceration of high-risk offenders for preventive reasons based on what they are expected to do, not what they have already done
- CThe recognition that criminal acts result in punishment, and the effect of that recognition on society that prevents future crimes
- DThe effect of punishment on an individual offender that prevents that person from committing future crimes
13What was the first prison designed to house sentenced offenders in the United States called?
- ASing Sing Prison
- BEastern State Penitentiary
- CWalnut Street Jail
- DWestern State Penitentiary
14Which correctional era advocated an environment that emphasized reformation, education, and vocational programs, and focused offenders' attention on the future?
- AIndustrial Prison Era
- BRehabilitative Era
- CReformatory Era
- DRetributive Era
15Which of the following statements is true of the Walnut Street Jail?
- APrisoners were allowed to congregate during the day to work in factories to improve the production of goods.
- BPrison administrators often put masks on inmates as they moved through the prison, to avoid identification in case they met each other after release.
- CIt was an architectural nightmare, built in an octagon with small, dark cells inside the cellblocks to provide solitary confinement and no labor.
- DI introduced the idea of releasing offenders on a conditional basis, leading to the development of parole.
16How do correctional agencies fulfill their mission?
I. By imprisoning offenders who receive a sentence of incarceration from the courts
II. By assisting courts in the decision to grant bail
III. By supervising offenders in the community under court jurisdiction- AII, III
- BI, II
- CI, III
- DI, II, III
17What is the hands-off doctrine?
- AAvoidance by the U.S. Supreme Court of judicial intervention in the operations of prisons and the judgment of correctional administrators
- BA theory of corrections that offenders were sick, inflicted with problems that caused their criminality
- CA conclusion by Robert Martinson that no correctional treatment program reduces recidivism
- DA four-stage system of graduated release from prison and return to the community
18The original features of the Pennsylvania System included all but which of the following?
- ASilence
- BSeparation
- CWorking with other inmates
- DReformation of inmates
19Which of the following was a problem with the Pennsylvania System?
I. It had low productivity.
II. It was expensive.
III. It made inmates mentally ill.- AII, III
- BI, II
- CI, II, III
- DI, III
20What was the emphasis in the Rehabilitative Era?
- AReformation that expanded education and vocational programs and focused offenders' attention on their future
- BThe professionalizing of staff through recruitment and training, and the implementation of many self-improvement programs of prison management
- CHaving inmates work and produce products that could help in making the prisons self-sustaining
- DHolding offenders accountable for their acts and being tough on criminals while keeping them isolated from law-abiding citizens
21What percentage completion of sentence does the "truth in sentencing" reform require?
- A50 percent
- B65 percent
- C85 percent
- D95 percent
22Which of the following is NOT true of determinate sentences?
- AOffenders are subject to release by parole boards.
- BDeterminate sentences have fixed term of sentences.
- COffenders are eligible for release following the completion of the term to be served.
- DTruth in sentencing is a form of determinate sentences.
23Which of the following is a problem with the system of bail as a requirement for release?
- AThe availability of financial resources is closely related to the risk of the offender.
- BThe ability to "make bail" is closely related to the risk of the offender.
- CThe bail process does not allow freedom to be bought.
- DThe bail process discriminates against the poor.
24Which 1987 Supreme Court decision upheld the ability of a magistrate to confine an offender on the presumption that he or she was dangerous?
- AMiranda v. Arizona
- BUnited States v. Salerno
- CBell v. Wolfish
- DWilliams v. New York
25Which of the following sentencing options authorized in state penal codes requires an offender to pay a fine or do community service in exchange for a waiver on jail time?
- AShort-time confinement
- BImprisonment
- CEconomic sanctions
- DCapital punishment
26Which of the following is a pledge of money or property in exchange for a promise to return for further criminal processing?
- ARelease on recognizance
- BPlea bargain
- CSurety
- DBail
27Which of the following is included in a presentence investigation (PSI)?
- AThe range of allowable sanctions
- BInformation about the prosecution
- CThe offender's final sentence
- DA list of sentences from similar cases
28In which of the following sentencing models do judges have primary discretion in creating the sentence?
- AAdministrative form of sentencing
- BMandatory minimum sentencing
- CJudicial form of sentencing
- DLegislative form of sentencing
29Which constitutional amendment states that excessive bail may NOT be required?
- AFourth
- BFourteenth
- CFirst
- DEighth
30For which of the following is a presentence investigation used?
- AEvaluating a plea bargain deal agreed to by defense and prosecution
- BProviding details solely in misdemeanor cases
- CInitiating a plea bargain deal
- DDetermining the amount of bail
31Who initiated the concept of "good time"?
- ACesare Beccaria
- BAlexander Maconochie
- CJeremy Bentham
- DThe U.S. Supreme Court
32Which of the following is a reason why states have adopted sentencing guidelines?
- AGuidelines relieve judges of the burden of providing written explanations for their decisions.
- BGuidelines provide uniformity, ensuring that similar crimes merit similar sentences.
- CGuidelines increase prison jobs by promoting harsh sentences for minor offenses.
- DGuidelines discourage the use of planners for predicting the number of inmates in prisons.
33Which of the following is NOT a sentencing option?
- ACapital punishment
- BProbation
- CCommunity service
- DParole
34Which of the following is NOT an alternative to bail?
- ACollateral
- BThird-party custody
- CPersonal recognizance
- DPreventive detention
35Which of the following is NOT relevant for the pretrial diversion program?
- APretrial diversion programs offer people charged with crimes alternatives to traditional criminal justice proceedings.
- BPretrial diversion programs occur between the formal filing of charges and the final judgment of guilt.
- CAll offenders with successful pretrial diversion programs have a formal criminal record of the offense.
- DPretrial diversion programs are used for minor offenders of laws against public intoxication or minor property crimes.
36Which type of crime is punishable by one year or more of incarceration?
- AInfraction
- BFelony
- CDrug
- DMisdemeanor
37In which country did pretrial release programs originate?
- AUnited States
- BBabylon
- CChina
- DEngland
38In presumptive sentencing, what do mitigating circumstances indicate to a judge?
- AReasons to increase punishment
- BThat capital punishment is appropriate
- CReasons for leniency
- DThat the felon is a third-time offender
39Which of the following is NOT a goal of mental health courts?
- AIncreasing the treatment of mentally ill individuals
- BStopping the use of communities to treat mentally ill individuals
- CIncreasing public safety by reducing criminal activity by mentally ill individuals
- DImproving the quality of life for participants
40Which of the following is NOT an advantage of a diversionary treatment program?
- AWith diversionary treatment programs, offenders avoid the stigma associated with a criminal conviction.
- BDiversionary treatment programs reduce the demands on the court to process the case as a criminal activity.
- CDiversionary treatment programs generally do not involve community treatment programs.
- DDiversionary treatment programs cost considerably less than criminal justice processing.
41Which of the following accurately describes plea bargaining?
- APlea bargaining is an agreement in which the defendant enter a plea of guilty in exchange for a reduced sentence.
- BPlea bargaining is an agreement in which the plaintiff refuses to plead guilty in exchange for a compensation.
- CPlea bargaining is a contract in which the defendant refuses to plead guilty in exchange for a reduced sentence.
- DPlea bargaining is a contract in which the plaintiff pleads guilty in exchange for reduced compensation.
42What main factor differentiates jails from prisons?
- ALength of stay
- BOvercrowding
- CType of inmate
- DType of sentence
43Which of the following is a characteristic of a third-generation jail?
- AThe cells are aligned in long, straight rows, with walkways in front of the cells.
- BIt is designed to minimize interaction between inmates and jail staff.
- CCorrectional officers are located in the housing unit in direct contact with inmates.
- DIt uses podular housing designs and remote supervision.
44Which of the following is NOT true of jails in a correctional setting?
- AJails are better managed through a consistent routine of operations.
- BJails offer extensive programs or services for inmates.
- CJail staff members are extremely outnumbered by the inmates.
- DJail officers do much of the same work as prison correctional officers.
45What is the greatest cause of death among jail inmates other than illness or natural causes?
- AHomicide
- BSuicide
- CAIDS
- DDrugs
46Which constitutional amendment refers to "cruel and unusual punishment"?
- AFifth
- BSixth
- CFourth
- DEighth
47All of the following are responsible for the significant increase in the use of jails from 2000 to 2008 EXCEPT __________.
- AThe increasing use of split sentences
- BThe serious budget crises of local governments
- CThe overcrowding of state and federal prisons over the past decade
- DThe "tough on crime" mentality of the public
48Which of the following is NOT true of private correctional agencies?
- APrivate correctional agencies enter into a contract with governments to house jail inmates.
- BPrivate correctional agencies are required to meet professional standards for jail operations.
- CPrivate correctional agencies independently decide on security policies for inmates.
- DPrivate correctional agencies charge the county on a per day basis for each inmate private jails hold.
49Which is a primary reason for new jail construction over the past decade?
- AJails are relatively inexpensive to build and staff.
- BPrivate companies have determined that building and operating new jails is unprofitable.
- CCourts have ruled that second-generation jails are unconstitutional.
- DThe number of successful legal challenges by jail inmates for overcrowding has increased.
50Jail inmates may have only noncontact visits. What type of visitor is the exception?
- AAttorney
- BClose friend
- CParent
- DSpouse
51About how many more jails are there in the United States than prisons?
- ATwice as many
- BJust as many
- CFive times as many
- DThree times as many
52A very large percentage of arrested and jailed offenders make bond and are released within __________.
- ASix weeks
- BTwo hours
- CForty-eight hours
- DOne month
53Which was NOT a requirement for English prisons and jails as specified by the English Penitentiary Act of 1779?
- AHousing inmates in common cells
- BAbolition of fees charged to inmates
- CSystematic inspections
- DSecure and sanitary structures
54In rural counties, which elected official oversees the operation of the jail?
- AChief of police
- BProsecutor
- CLocal magistrate
- DSheriff
55Which is NOT one of the three most important reasons for effective jail classification systems?
- AThey provide a guide for giving inmates proper substance abuse counseling.
- BThey provide a guide for identifying inmates with a high risk of escape.
- CThey provide a guide for separating violent, predatory inmates from potential inmate victims.
- DThey provide a guide for identifying and managing inmates with special emotional or mental needs.
56Which of the following categories of offenders is NOT held in a jail?
- AIndividuals pending arraignment and awaiting trial, conviction, or sentencing
- BInmates sentenced to terms of more than ten years
- CMentally ill people, pending their movement to appropriate mental health facilities
- DProbation, parole, and bail bond violators and absconders
57Which of the following would NOT be considered a practical suicide prevention activity for a jail?
- AImproving communication between the transporting officer, jail staff, and inmate
- BTraining correctional and mental health staff to be aware of the risk of suicide
- CRemodeling all jail cells to be suicide resistant
- DAsking specific suicide-related questions at inmate intake screening and assessment
58Which of the following is an early English term for a jail?
- AWorkhouse
- BLockup
- CGaol
- DJail
59Which is the most important element in the operations and policies of all correctional facilities?
- AThe programs offered
- BThe staff
- CThe services provided
- DThe physical security
60Which of the following is described as statistical approaches to consider the risk of escape and violence by inmates?
- ADirect supervision plans
- BSubjective classification processes
- CCensuses of jail facilities
- DObjective classification systems
61Which of the following facilitates continuous communication between jail staff and inmates, thus reducing tension and avoiding the development of conflicts among inmates or between inmates and staff?
- ADirect supervision jails
- BSecond-generation jails
- CFirst-generation jails
- DPodular design
62Which of the following styles of supervising community offenders emphasizes assisting the offender with problems, providing counseling, and ensuring that the offender successfully completes supervision?
- ARegular style
- BIntensive-supervision style
- CSurveillance style
- DCasework style
63Which of the following eras of corrections developed with the distinct provision that the community be an essential part of the correctional process?
- AInstitutional
- BRehabilitative
- CRetributive
- DReintegrative
64Which type of supervision is typically satisfactory for offenders who pose little risk to the community?
- ARegular supervision
- BAdministrative supervision
- CMinimum supervision
- DIntensive supervision
65Which of the following is sometimes referred to a "community control"?
- AAsset forfeiture
- BElectronic monitoring
- CHouse arrest
- DIntensive supervised probation
66What kind of caseload includes offenders with very high risk or needs?
- ARegular
- BSpecial
- CStandard
- DIntensive-supervision
67Which of the following requires that an offender repay society for the harm caused by his or her offense?
- AFines
- BAsset forfeiture
- CCost of supervision
- DOffender restitution
68Which term describes the overlapping of criminal sanctions and added supervision for community-placed offenders?
- AShock probation
- BCommunity corrections
- CNet widening
- DIntensive supervised probation
69Which Supreme Court case allowed an exception to parole violations by holding that failure to make restitution payments due to unemployment is not sufficient reason to revoke probation?
- AGagnon v. Scarpelli
- BUnited States v. Birnbaum
- CBell v. Wolfish
- DBearden v. Georgia
70Which probation style mimics the community policing philosophy and partners with citizens groups, churches, and other neighborhood organizations?
- ASpecial conditions of probation
- BIntensive-supervision probation
- CPublic-safety probation
- DBroken-windows probation
71Which 1973 Supreme Court decision created the due process requirements for revoking probation?
- AMempa v. Rhay
- BBell v. Wolfish
- CGagnon v. Scarpelli
- DUnited States v. Birnbaum
72Which Supreme Court decision granted probationers the right to legal counsel during the revocation hearing?
- AMorrissey v. Brewer
- BGagnon v. Scarpelli
- CMempa v. Rhay
- DUnited States v. Birnbaum
73Which of the following is a form of restitution in which offenders repay their victims directly for their losses and harm caused by the offense?
- AFines
- BVictim costs
- COffender restitution
- DVictim compensation
74__________ is used only after low-risk offenders demonstrate a good adjustment to supervision.
- AIntensive supervision
- BMinimum supervision
- CAdministrative supervision
- DRegular supervision
75The major component of which of the following alternatives to incarceration is military regimentation, discipline, exercise, and hard work?
- AMinimum-security prison
- BIntensive supervised probation
- CHouse arrest
- DBoot camp
76Community corrections gained prominence as an adaptation of which of the following eras of corrections?
- AReintegrative
- BRehabilitative
- CRecidivist
- DRetribution
77In which case did the Supreme Court determine that probation is a privilege and not a right?
- AGagnon v. Scarpelli
- BUnited States v. Birnbaum
- CMorrissey v. Brewer
- DMempa v. Rhay
78On which model is shock probation based?
- ABroken-windows probation
- BGeneral deterrence
- CRisk-prediction
- DSpecific deterrence
79Which is NOT a factor that has been cited in support of intermediate sanctions?
- AUnhappiness with regular probation supervision
- BIncrease in prison overcrowding
- CRise in the number of plea bargains
- DTightening of state budgets
80Which of the following is a prison sentence that is suspended on the condition that the offender follows certain rules and commits no further crimes?
- AProbation
- BHouse arrest
- CCommunity corrections
- DParole
81Which of the following is NOT a possible result if the court finds that a probationer is in violation?
- AThe court has no discretion and must order imprisonment under the original sentence.
- BThe court may add conditions and restore to probation.
- CThe court may reprimand and restore to supervision.
- DThe court may revoke probation and order imprisonment under the original sentence.
82Which of the following is Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) NOT responsible for?
- ADetaining individuals arrested for commission of a crime and found to be in the United States without permission
- BDetaining individuals found to be in the country unlawfully during raids conducted by ICE officials of housing and workplaces
- CDetaining individuals arrested for attempting to leave the United States without a valid passport
- DDetaining individuals caught attempting to wrongfully enter the United States
83Which of the following is a recommendation of the 1967 report by the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice?
- AThe rates of pay for prison inmates should be set at approximately half the wage for similar labor.
- BCommunity-based corrections are more expensive and less effective than incarceration.
- CMost inmates derive minimum benefit from their incarceration during the first two years.
- DInmates must be given the opportunity and capability to earn a living wage to compensate their victims and support their families.
84What is the security level of U.S. penitentiaries?
- AMinimum
- BLow
- CMedium
- DHigh
85About how many inmates did state and federal prisons hold in 1967?
- AMore than 500,000
- B100,000
- CLess than 300,000
- DOne million
86Which act exemplifies criminal statutes extending the authority of the federal government to prosecute new crimes that were difficult for local law enforcement agencies to handle?
- AThe Volstead Act
- BThe Hawes-Cooper Act
- CThe Three Penitentiary Act
- DThe Sentencing Reform Act
87Which 1981 Supreme Court decision set forth that housing two inmates in a cell designed for one did not violate the Eighth Amendment's protection from cruel and unusual punishment?
- ABell v. Wolfish
- BRhodes v. Chapman
- CBruscino v. Carlson
- DMorrissey v. Brewer
88Which of the following statements is NOT true of a career as a warden?
- AWarden is a job that takes many years of training and experience.
- BA warden is responsible for the correctional aspects of security, inmate programs, and legal issues.
- CA warden's job is similar to that of a city manager.
- DWardens are paid more than most chief executives in the private sector.
89Which is NOT part of the mission statement of most prisons?
- ATo physically discipline inmates who break the rules
- BTo protect the public from further criminality, by not allowing inmates to escape
- CTo prepare offenders for release and transition to the community
- DTo protect inmates and staff from harm in the prison environment
90Which enactment pertains to interstate transportation of stolen vehicles?
- AThe Volstead Act
- BThe Dyer Act
- CThe Harrison Narcotic Act
- DThe White Slave Act
91Where was the first U.S. penitentiary established?
- ANew York City
- BPhiladelphia
- CChicago
- DLos Angeles
92Which type of Federal Bureau of Prison facility handles the highest number of inmates?
- AHome confinement
- BCommunity correctional centers
- CBOP-operated prisons
- DJail/short-term detention
93Which private prison corporation opened the first for-profit correctional facility in 1984 and had the highest revenue of such companies in 2010?
- AThe GEO Group
- BCommunity Correction Centers Ltd.
- CCorrections Corporation of America
- DManagement Training Corporation
94When was the U.S. Department of Justice established?
- A1941
- B1870
- C1776
- D1967
95Who was the first director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons?
- ANorman A. Carlson
- BMyrl E. Alexander
- CHarley G. Lappin
- DSanford Bates
96Which of the following is responsible for housing illegal aliens pending a hearing?
- ACommunity correctional centers
- BThe Federal Bureau of Prisons
- CBrigs operated by the U.S. military services
- DU.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
97Which company received the first private contract to house adult offenders?
- AThe Geo Group
- BCorrections Corporation of America
- CManagement Training Corporation
- DCornell Correctional Companies
98What is the primary function of prisons?
- ATo hold felons serving sentences of all lengths
- BTo hold defendants awaiting trial
- CTo hold convicted felons, usually serving a sentence of a year or more
- DTo hold drug offenders serving sentences of less than a year
99Which, according to Gowdy, is a factor contributing to the expansion of the private sector's role in the penal system?
- AThe public's view that the judiciary should get more resources to speed up criminal procedure and sentencing
- BThe public's view that the current penal system is too costly and too ineffective at reducing recidivism
- CThe government's view that the judiciary is insufficiently protected from courthouse violence
- DThe government's view that the penal system would benefit from being run with a profit motive in mind
100Which federal institutions have special missions, such as the detention of pretrial offenders or containment of extremely dangerous inmates?
- AFederal correctional institutions
- BFederal prison camps
- CBrigs
- DAdministrative facilities
101What is the security level at federal institutions that feature dormitory housing, a relatively low staff-to-inmate ratio, and limited or no perimeter fencing?
- AMinimum
- BMedium
- CLow
- DHigh
102Which U.S. penologist advocated the Irish system in the United States and became the first superintendent of the Elmira Reformatory?
- AAlexander Maconochie
- BSanford Bates
- CZebulon R. Brockway
- DSir Walter Crofton
103How many contacts per month with at least one positive contact does a basic low classification pertaining to "supervision and conditions of parole" require?
- AFive
- BTwo
- COne
- DNone
104Which of the following is NOT one of the three major steps in the sentencing and release processes for discretionary parole?
- AAn indeterminate sentence with a minimum time to serve before parole eligibility and a maximum term to be served if not paroled
- BSupervision in the community under specific conditions
- CA few weeks after the hearing, the parole decision is communicated to the inmate in writing through the prison staff
- DConsideration of release by a parole board authorized to conditionally release offenders
105Which of the following was the ruling in the Gagnon v. Scarpelli case in 1973?
- AParolees have a limited right to counsel.
- BA parole officer must determine whether counsel shall be provided to the parole offender.
- CParole is legally considered a privilege and not a right.
- DFull due process rights need to be afforded for a parole.
106What should a parole officer's first step be if he or she thinks a parolee has failed to adhere to a technical condition of parole supervision?
- ACreate a notice of violation
- BMake a determination of a violation
- CMake a warrant for arrest and custody
- DCreate a stipulated agreement
107Which of the following was created as a means to reduce disparity and make decision making more understandable to the public and inmates?
- APositive contact
- BSalient factor score
- CParole guidelines
- DUnconditional mandatory release
108What was the first stage of the Irish system of release?
- AOpen institution
- BSpecial prison
- CTicket of leave
- DSolitary confinement
109Which of the following is a point determination for each inmate for use with parole guidelines?
- ASalient factor score
- BGuidelines table
- CGuideline range
- DInmate score
110Which is NOT one of Petersilia's six collateral consequences of imprisonment?
- ACommunity cohesion
- BHomelessness
- CPrison overcrowding
- DFamily stabilization
111Which law, enacted by the British Parliament in 1853, enabled prisoners to be released into the community and supervised by the police?
- AParole Commission and Reorganization Act
- BPenal Servitude Act
- CSecond Chance Act
- DPrison Litigation Reform Act
112Which document does a parole officer write when a parole violation occurs and the offender does not cooperate or absconds from supervision?
- AFull revocation
- BNotice of violation
- CTicket of leave
- DSalient factor score
113Which of the following early forms of parole originated on Norfolk Island in the nineteenth century and allowed the release of prisoners who had proven themselves through work and good behavior?
- ALeave system
- BTicket of leave
- COpen institution
- DPrisoner reentry
114Which of the following is NOT one of the ways the 2007 Second Chance Act proposed to ease the reentry process for individuals leaving prison?
- ABy providing rehabilitative treatment
- BBy providing more personal liberty to the prisoners
- CBy providing funding for prisoner mentoring programs
- DBy providing job training
115Which stage of Maconochie's mark system emphasized punishment and included solitary confinement and a diet of bread and water?
- AAssociated stage
- BSocial stage
- CTicket of leave
- DPenal stage
116What is the release of inmates after they have served a determinate sentence, but with a period of supervision in the community, known as?
- ADiscretionary parole
- BPost release control
- CUnconditional mandatory release
- DSupervised mandatory release
117What is a purpose of reentry courts?
- ATo educate and give job training in prison
- BTo create mentor programs for adults and juveniles leaving prison
- CTo treat drug addicts during and after incarceration
- DTo review inmates' reentry plans and progress
118Which of the following calls for fixed sentences so that the punishment fits the crime?
- ADiscretionary parole
- BJustice model
- CJust deserts model
- DSalient factor score
119Which of the following classifications pertaining to "supervision and conditions of parole" requires three contacts per month with at least one positive contact?
- AIntensive
- BBasic low
- CBasic high
- DBasic medium
120Which 1972 Supreme Court decision set forth that once parole is granted, offenders must have certain due process to revoke that liberty?
- AMorrissey v. Brewer
- BBell v. Wolfish
- CGreenholtz v. Inmates of the Nebraska Penal and Correctional Complex
- DGagnon v. Scarpelli
121Which nineteenth-century director of the Irish prison system created a four-stage system of graduated release from prison?
- ASir Walter Crofton
- BAndrew von Hirsch
- CZebulon R. Brockway
- DAlexander Maconochie
122How is prisoner reentry different today compared to a few decades ago?
- APrisoners are serving significantly shorter prison terms.
- BCommunities to which prisoners return are more disorganized and their families less supportive.
- CMore inmates receive the benefit of extensive rehabilitation programs or prerelease programs.
- DFewer offenders are released from prisons than in the past.
123Which step does NOT occur during the formal revocation of parole?
- ATrial by jury
- BReprimand/modification of conditions
- CPreliminary revocation hearing
- DDetermination of a violation
124What are the prison security levels designed to match?
I. Staff resources
II. Physical security
III. Risk of inmate violence and escape- AI, II
- BII, III
- CI, II, III
- DI, III
125In 2012, males represented about what percentage of the violent crime arrests in the United States?
- A32 percent
- B80 percent
- C15 percent
- D50 percent
126Crime is closely linked to which of the following?
I. Race
II. Poverty and drug use
III. Lack of opportunity for legitimate economic success- AI, III
- BII, III
- CI, II, III
- DI, II
127What did Greenfeld and Snell's publication on women offenders between 1986 and 1997 indicate?
- AThe number of women under correctional supervision decreased compared to the number of males under supervision.
- BThe number of males under correctional supervision increased at a greater rate than that of the number of women under supervision.
- CThe number of males under correctional supervision increased at the same rate as did the number of females under supervision.
- DThe number of women under correctional supervision increased at a greater rate than that of the number of males under supervision.
128According to 2010 publication reports, what percentage of women were reconvicted or reincarcerated within two years after release?
- A47 percent
- B12 percent
- C95 percent
- D72 percent
129What does Wilbanks state in "The Myth of a Racist Criminal Justice System"?
- APerception of the criminal justice system as racist is a myth.
- BThere are no incidents of individual racism.
- CPrejudice and racism are systematic.
- DMost studies show sufficient evidence of racism.
130At the end of 2013, the population of state and federal prisons was largely __________.
- AHispanic
- BBlack
- CAsian
- DWhite
131Which one of the following is NOT true about the aging of the prison population?
- AInmates are serving longer sentences in prison and therefore stay in prison until they are older.
- BSentencing guidelines take away judicial discretion to keep older offenders in community.
- CThe overall U.S. population is aging and 32.2 percent of Americans were over age fifty in 2010.
- DExposure to the highly stressful environment in prison causes inmates to age prematurely.
132Which of the following is NOT a factor inherent in correctional settings that hampers the provision of health services?
- AAbundant financial resources
- BDifficulties in staff recruitment
- CLack of a constituency for inmate health services
- DIsolation of the institution from community health care
133In which of the following cases did the federal court rule that disparity of programs for female inmates could NOT be justified?
- AButler v. Reno
- BPargo v. Elliott
- CBarefield v. Leach
- DBarefield v. Butler
134In which case did the Eighth Circuit Court suggest five criteria to be used to examine whether differences in prison programs discriminate against female inmates?
- APargo v. Elliott
- BRhodes v. Chapman
- CTerry v. Ohio
- DMorrissey v. Brewer
135Which of the following decreases as prison security level increases?
- AEmphasis on inmate programs
- BStaff member-to-inmate ratio
- CRestrictions on inmate movement
- DPhysical barriers to deter escapes
136Which offenses contributed to the most significant increase in the number of prison inmates?
- ADrug and public-order offenses
- BWhite-collar crimes
- CMurder and rape
- DChild molestation and stalking
137Which of the following is true of female inmates?
- AFemale inmates are more concerned about race than male inmates.
- BWomen offenders have an easier time finding and maintaining employment than male offenders.
- CObjective classification systems developed for male offenders often tend to "underclassify" female offenders.
- DFemale offenders suffer from mental illness at a higher rate than their male counterparts.
138As a result of sentencing guidelines and mandatory prison sentences, __________.
- AMen are receiving shorter sentences than women for similar offenses
- BNearly two-thirds of women, compared to 5 percent of men, convicted of federal felonies are granted probation
- CMen and women charged with similar offenses are receiving similar sentences
- DWomen are receiving shorter sentences than men for similar offenses
139Which of the following is NOT one of the three largest jurisdictions that combined hold more than one-third of all female prisoners?
- ACalifornia
- BNew York
- CTexas
- DThe federal system
140The highest number of people in the custody of state correctional authorities from 1980-2013 was due to which type of offense?
- AViolent
- BDrug
- CProperty
- DPublic order
141How is order within the prison maintained?
- AThrough intimidation by correctional staff
- BThrough clear and consistent enforcement of rules
- CThrough numerical superiority of the prison staff
- DThrough physical control
142Today's prison population being larger and more diverse than it was in the past is due to what?
- AThe decreasing percentage of elderly offenders
- BThe larger proportion of offenders being white
- CThe incarceration of many property and drug offenders who previously were not sentenced to prison
- DThe prison population becoming "middle crime age" (age twenty-five to thirty-five) and physically and emotionally unhealthy
143Which of the following is NOT a prison security level?
- AHigh/close
- BIntake
- CFederal
- DCommunity
144What is a major difference between the juvenile and criminal justice systems?
- AThe accused has a right to a jury trial.
- BCommunity policing strategies are used.
- CCommunity protection is a primary goal.
- DThe standard of "proof beyond a reasonable doubt" is required.
145What do the juvenile justice system and the criminal justice system have in common?
- APlea bargaining is common.
- BRehabilitation of offenders is a primary goal.
- CThe public has access to information about offenders.
- DConstitutional rights apply.
146What is the general removal of juveniles from correctional institutions and their introduction in community alternatives called?
- ADelinquency petition
- BDeinstitutionalization
- CResidential placement
- DInstitutionalization
147Which of the following refers to a term created by Dilulio to describe a generation of violent youths who practiced almost indiscriminate violence on the streets?
- AAdult delinquents
- BSuperpredators
- CNeglected youth
- DAdultification
148Which term best describes children who have a parent or guardian, but are not receiving proper care or have a home situation that is harmful to them?
- ANeglected
- BDependent
- CDelinquent
- DStatus offenders
149When and where was the first juvenile court established?
- ALos Angeles, 1941
- BNew York, 1954
- CDenver, 1925
- DChicago, 1899
150What is the name for the legal exception related to a youth's age, alleged offense, and court history that can place a youth under the jurisdiction of the adult criminal court?
- AStatutory exclusion
- BJuvenile detention
- CWaiver to adult court
- DStatus offense
151In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court set forth that juveniles must have "the essentials of due process"?
- ABreed v. Jones
- BFare v. Michael
- CMcKeiver v. Pennsylvania
- DKent v. United States
152In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court determine that a finding of guilt for juveniles had to meet the standard of "beyond a reasonable doubt"?
- AIn re Sanford
- BIn re Winship
- CKent v. United States
- DSchall v. Martin
153Which of the following is NOT a status offense?
- ADrinking alcohol
- BRunning away
- CTruancy
- DBurglary
154In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court rule that in hearings in which juveniles may be committed to an institution, they have the right to counsel, to notice of the charges against them, to question witnesses, and to protection against self-incrimination?
- AKent v. United States
- BMcKeiver v. Pennsylvania
- CIn re Winship
- DIn re Gault
155Which of the following is the process during which officials determine whether a juvenile case should be dismissed, handled informally, or referred to the juvenile court?
- AIntake
- BConsent decree
- CReferral
- DOrder
156In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court uphold the use of preventive detention pending trial for juveniles?
- AIn re Gault
- BSchall v. Martin
- CBreed v. Jones
- DIn re Winship
157What is the average age of arrested juvenile gang members?
- A10-12
- B17-18
- C15-16
- D21-22
158When did the Refuge Period develop?
- ABetween 1997 and 2006
- BBetween 1992 and 1999
- CBetween 1900 and 1944
- DBetween 1824 and 1899
159Which of the following is the formal processing of a juvenile offense through the juvenile court?
- AOrder
- BInformal probation
- CReferral
- DStatutory exclusion
160For which process do states use terms such as "certification", "remand", or "bind over"?
- AStatutory exclusions
- BWaiver to adult courts
- CJuvenile detention
- DAge of original jurisdiction
161Which best describes children who may be without a parent or guardian, possibly because the parent is physically or mentally unable to act in that capacity?
- ADependent
- BDelinquent
- CSuperpredators
- DNeglected
162Which of the following refers to an informal handling of a juvenile justice case, in which the delinquent juvenile admits to wrongdoing and agrees to specific conditions of behavior; sometimes called informal probation?
- AJuvenile detention
- BConsent decree
- CSuperpredator
- DStatus offense
163Which of the following describes that process of finding a juvenile guilty of a delinquent act?
- ACertification
- BBinding over
- CAdjudication
- DRemand
164Which of the following diseases is most commonly spread through the bloodstream as a result of drug users sharing needles?
- ATuberculosis
- BHepatitis C
- CPneumonia
- DAIDS
165In order to protect the public, state legislatures have been passing laws defining a new type of mental disorder that allows diagnosis of sex offenders as __________.
- AMentally ill
- BSexually violent predators
- CSchizophrenic
- DSerial predators
166For the purpose of treating a sex offender, how long can a state commit an offender to an institution?
- ATwo years
- BIndefinitely
- CSix months
- DThree months
167What dual problem do mentally ill inmates represent in jails and prisons?
- APrograms and parole
- BClothing and visitation
- CHousing and feeding
- DControl and treatment
168When treating a sex offender under civil commitment, which of the following is expected?
- AConfinement is in a nonpunitive setting.
- BOther facility residents can be a mix of civil commitments and criminals.
- CComprehensive treatment programs are not essential.
- DTreatment need not be geared toward release of the resident.
169Which of the following provide for the management and secure control of inmates designated as violent or seriously disruptive in other prisons?
- APrivate prisons
- BPunishment cells
- CSupermax prisons
- DMental institutions
170Which of the following is NOT included in the "comprehensive approach" toward sex offenders?
- ASpecialized knowledge
- BVictim centeredness
- CMonitoring and evaluation
- DPolygraph examinations
171What is the dominant feature of the supermax prison?
- ASecurity
- BWork programs
- CDrug and alcohol abuse programs
- DRehabilitative programs
172What is one of the functions that supermax prisons serve in regard to prison violence?
- AThe control of violence specifically among drug offenders
- BThe punishment of even marginally violent inmates
- CThe control of very violent inmates
- DThe discouraging of violence in regular society
173Which was the first supermax prison in the United States?
- AUSP Marion
- BAlcatraz
- CLeavenworth
- DPelican Bay
174The state and federal prison systems screen inmates for tuberculosis?
- AEvery month at regular intervals
- BAfter a year into incarceration
- CIn the event of the inmate's showing symptoms of the disease
- DAt the time of the individual's admission to the prison
175Who are the primary victims of sexual assaults?
- AJuveniles
- BThe mentally ill
- CThe elderly
- DFemales
176What are mentally ill inmates more likely to have than other inmates?
- AVisitors
- BGeneral health issues
- CDisciplinary problems
- DInfectious diseases
177Which of the following is NOT one of the three variations of the legal process of transferring juvenile offenders to adult court?
- APlea bargain
- BDirect file
- CStatutory exclusion
- DWaiver
178For which of the following types of offenders has the BOP developed supermax prisons?
- AAging offenders
- BViolent offenders
- CSex offenders
- DJuvenile offenders
179Which of the following is the first U.S. Supreme Court case to support the civil commitment of sexually violent predators as long as specific requirements were followed?
- ASelling v. Hendricks
- BKansas v. Crane
- CKansas v. Hendricks
- DSelling v. Young
180Which condition has declined over the past few years, from 2.3 percent of the prison population in 1995 to 1.5 percent in 2010?
- ADrug abuse
- BTuberculosis
- CHIV/AIDS
- DHepatitis C
181Which of the following is a form of incarceration in which juveniles handled by adult courts are placed in adult prisons with no separate housing or differentiation in programming or job assignments?
- AStraight adult incarceration
- BSegregated incarceration
- CGraduated incarceration
- DJuvenile incarceration
182Compared to other offenders, what are mentally ill inmates more likely to do?
- ADiscontinue medication
- BUse illicit drugs
- CRehabilitate
- DRecidivate
183Why do some states use supermax prisons for inmates who have not committed a violent act in prison?
- ATo control overcrowding in regular prisons
- BTo better control mentally ill inmates
- CTo reduce gang activity
- DTo protect elderly and juvenile inmates
184The triangle of supervision used in the containment model to manage sex offenders does NOT include __________.
- AMandatory drug treatment to reduce the sex drive
- BPolygraph examinations to help design, and to monitor conformance to, treatment plans and supervision conditions
- CTreatment to teach sex offenders to develop internal control over deviant thoughts
- DSupervision and surveillance to control offenders' external behaviors
Información
- Descripción
- Criminal Justice Test sobre Intro to Corrections Midterm Study Guide, creado por Sarah Harmon el 01/03/2019.
- Autor
- Sarah Harmon
- Idioma
- English
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