Chemistry Chapter 10

1. 1Metals are found in rocks in the Earth’s crust. Very few metals are found in [blank_start]free state[blank_end]. Most metals combine with other elements to form [blank_start]compounds[blank_end].

   1. Afree state
   2. Bcompounds
2. 2Rocks which contain useful minerals are called [blank_start]ores[blank_end].
   Examples: [blank_start]bauxite[blank_end] (Al2O3), [blank_start]copper pyrite[blank_end](CuFeS2), [blank_start]haematite[blank_end](Fe2O3), [blank_start]galena[blank_end] (PbS)

   1. Aores
   2. Bbauxite
   3. Ccopper pyrite
   4. Dhaematite
   5. Egalena
3. 3Some unreactive metals are extracted by heating their ores in [blank_start]along[blank_end] strongly.
   [blank_start]2Ag2O(s)[blank_end] → [blank_start]4Ag(s)[blank_end] + [blank_start]O2(g)[blank_end]
   [blank_start]HgS(s)[blank_end] + [blank_start]O2(g)[blank_end] → [blank_start]Hg(g)[blank_end] + [blank_start]SO2(g)[blank_end]

   1. Aalong
   2. B2Ag2O(s)
   3. C4Ag(s)
   4. DO2(g)
   5. EHgS(s)
   6. FO2(g)
   7. GHg(g)
   8. HSO2(g)
4. 4Some metals are extracted by heating their ores with [blank_start]carbon[blank_end]. This method is called [blank_start]carbon reduction[blank_end].

   1. Acarbon
   2. Bcarbon reduction
5. 5Lead exists as [blank_start]lead(II) sulphide[blank_end]([blank_start]PbS[blank_end]) in its ore. Firstly, the ore is heated strongly to form [blank_start]lead(II) oxide[blank_end],
   [blank_start]2PbS(s)[blank_end] + [blank_start]3O2(g)[blank_end] → [blank_start]2PbO(s)[blank_end] + [blank_start]2SO2(g)[blank_end]
   The [blank_start]lead(II) oxide[blank_end] formed in the reaction is heated with [blank_start]carbon[blank_end] to change to [blank_start]lead[blank_end].
   [blank_start]2PbO(s)[blank_end] + [blank_start]C(s)[blank_end] → [blank_start]Pb(s)[blank_end] + [blank_start]CO2(g)[blank_end]
   In the laboratory, we can extract lead by heating [blank_start]lead(II) oxide[blank_end] with carbon powder in the [blank_start]crucible[blank_end].

   1. Alead(II) sulphide
   2. BPbS
   3. Clead(II) oxide
   4. D2PbS(s)
   5. E3O2(g)
   6. F2PbO(s)
   7. G2SO2(g)
   8. Hlead(II) oxide
   9. Icarbon
   10. Jlead
   11. K2PbO(s)
   12. LC(s)
   13. MPb(s)
   14. NCO2(g)
   15. Olead(II) oxide
   16. Pcrucible
6. 6Iron is extracted from its ore in a [blank_start]blast furnace[blank_end]. The raw materials are [blank_start]iron ore[blank_end], [blank_start]coke[blank_end] ( a form of carbon), [blank_start]limestone[blank_end] and [blank_start]air[blank_end].
   During the extraction, a mixture of [blank_start]iron ore[blank_end], [blank_start]coke[blank_end] and [blank_start]limestone[blank_end] is added on the [blank_start]top[blank_end] of the furnace. Hot air is blasted in to the furnace from the [blank_start]bottom[blank_end].
   [blank_start]Oxygen[blank_end] from the air reacts with coke in a chain of chemical reactions to form [blank_start]carbon monoxide[blank_end]. Carbon monoxide then removes oxygen from [blank_start]iron(III) oxide[blank_end], producing the [blank_start]iron metal[blank_end].
   [blank_start]Fe2O3(s)[blank_end] + [blank_start]3CO(g)[blank_end] → [blank_start]2Fe(l)[blank_end] + [blank_start]3CO2(g)[blank_end]
   At the high temperature of the furnace, the iron formed is [blank_start]melted[blank_end] and runs off at the [blank_start]bottom[blank_end] of the furnace.

   1. Ablast furnace
   2. Biron ore
   3. Ccoke
   4. Dlimestone
   5. Eair
   6. Firon ore
   7. Gcoke
   8. Hlimestone
   9. Itop
   10. Jbottom
   11. KOxygen
   12. Lcarbon monoxide
   13. Miron(III) oxide
   14. Niron metal
   15. OFe2O3(s)
   16. P3CO(g)
   17. Q2Fe(l)
   18. R3CO2(g)
   19. Smelted
   20. Tbottom
7. 7Some metals are extracted by [blank_start]electrolysis[blank_end] of their [blank_start]molten[blank_end] ores.

   1. Aelectrolysis
   2. Bmolten
8. 8It is an [blank_start]expensive[blank_end] method because a large amount of [blank_start]electricity[blank_end] is used. Part of the electricity is used to keep the metal ore in [blank_start]molten[blank_end] form during [blank_start]electrolysis[blank_end].
   It is an [blank_start]effective[blank_end] method to extract [blank_start]reactive[blank_end] metals.
   During electrolysis, [blank_start]purified[blank_end] ore is [blank_start]melted[blank_end] and [blank_start]electricity[blank_end] is then passed through the ore to extract metal from it.

   1. Aexpensive
   2. Belectricity
   3. Cmolten
   4. Delectrolysis
   5. Eeffective
   6. Freactive
   7. Gpurified
   8. Hmelted
   9. Ielectricity
9. 9Factors affecting the availability of a metal include:
   1. [blank_start]abundance[blank_end] of the metal in the Earth’s crust
   2. [blank_start]ease[blank_end] and [blank_start]cost[blank_end] of [blank_start]mining[blank_end] the ore
   3. [blank_start]ease[blank_end] and [blank_start]cost[blank_end] of [blank_start]extracting[blank_end] the metal from its ore
   In general, the [blank_start]less available[blank_end] a metal is, the [blank_start]more expensive[blank_end] it is.

   1. Aabundance
   2. Bease
   3. Ccost
   4. Dmining
   5. Eease
   6. Fcost
   7. Gextracting
   8. Hless available
   9. Imore expensive
10. 10Metal ore in the Earth’s crust are [blank_start]limited[blank_end] in amount and [blank_start]non-renewable[blank_end]. There is a need for [blank_start]conservation[blank_end].
    Three common ways to conserve metals are:
    1. [blank_start]reusing[blank_end] metal articles
    2. reducing the [blank_start]use[blank_end] of metals
    3. recycling [blank_start]used[blank_end] metals
    

    1. Alimited
    2. Bnon-renewable
    3. Cconservation
    4. Dreusing
    5. Euse
    6. Fused

11. 11Reusing metal articles
    Examples:
    [blank_start]Metal containers[blank_end] can be reused as [blank_start]pens holder[blank_end] or storage box.
    [blank_start]Used barbecue forks[blank_end] can be cleaned and reused.

    1. AMetal containers
    2. Bpens holder
    3. CUsed barbecue forks
12. 12Reducing the use of metals
    Examples:
    We can buy products with [blank_start]less packaging[blank_end] of metals.

    1. Aless packaging
13. 13Recycling used metals
    Recycling metals means [blank_start]melting down[blank_end] used materials and using them again.
    Examples: aluminium, gold, silver
    Recycling of aluminium cans:
    Used aluminium cans are [blank_start]collected[blank_end]
    Collected aluminium cans are [blank_start]separated from other wastes[blank_end] and [blank_start]crushed into blocks[blank_end]
    Aluminium [blank_start]shredded into small pieces[blank_end] and [blank_start]melted in the furnace[blank_end]
    Molten aluminium is [blank_start]purified[blank_end] and [blank_start]moulded into aluminium ingots[blank_end]
    [blank_start]Aluminium ingots[blank_end] are used to make new aluminium cans

    1. Amelting down
    2. Bcollected
    3. Ccrushed into blocks
    4. Dshredded into small pieces
    5. Eseparated from other wastes
    6. Fmelted in the furnace
    7. Gpurified
    8. Hmoulded into aluminium ingots
    9. IAluminium ingots
14. 14Importance of recycling
    saves metal resources.
    saves energy and other resources.
    reduce [blank_start]metal waste[blank_end] and land used for [blank_start]waste disposal[blank_end]
    reduce pollution
    Recycling reduce the need to mine metal ores. This can minimize [blank_start]air pollution[blank_end] and [blank_start]water pollution[blank_end] arising from the mining and extraction of metals.
    promote [blank_start]public awareness[blank_end] of [blank_start]conserving[blank_end] metals

    1. Ametal waste
    2. Bwaste disposal
    3. Cair pollution
    4. Dwater pollution
    5. Epublic awareness
    6. Fconserving
15. 15Problems of recycling
    Most of the rubbish dumped consists of different materials. It is [blank_start]difficult[blank_end] and [blank_start]time consuming[blank_end] to sort out the metal waste from other materials.
    The cost of [blank_start]collecting[blank_end], [blank_start]sorting[blank_end] and [blank_start]transporting[blank_end] the metal waste is [blank_start]high[blank_end] in Hong Kong.
    The cost of [blank_start]melting[blank_end] and [blank_start]purifying[blank_end] the metals is [blank_start]high[blank_end] in Hong Kong.
    People need to [blank_start]change their habits[blank_end] from throwing away used metal objects to putting them into [blank_start]proper recycling bins[blank_end].

    1. Adifficult
    2. Btime consuming
    3. Ccollecting
    4. Dsorting
    5. Etransporting
    6. Fhigh
    7. Gmelting
    8. Hpurifying
    9. Ihigh
    10. Jchange their habits
    11. Kproper recycling bins

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Form 4 Chemistry Test sobre Chemistry Chapter 10, creado por maurice wong el 14/12/2019.

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