Test
Chapter 3 - part 8: The Evolutionary Bases of Behaviour
Preguntas del test (29)
1Which of the following statements about Charles Darwin and the theory of evolution is NOT accurate?
- AHe suggested that variations in hereditary traits might affect organisms’ ability to obtain resources.
- BHe identified natural selection as the mechanism that orchestrates the process of evolution.
- CHe was the first person to describe the process of evolution.
- DHe noted that some of the characteristics of organisms are passed down from one generation to the next.
2Imagine that you and Charles Darwin are looking at a newborn litter of kittens, and the kittens are all a bit
different from one another. As you observe the kittens, you ask Mr. Darwin which of the kittens will be most “fit”
in terms of natural selection. What would Mr. Darwin be most likely to say in response to your question?- A“The one who has the most kittens of its own.”
- B“Because they are related and carry the same genes, they all have equal fitness.”
- C“The one that is the strongest and the most aggressive.”
- D“The one that requires the smallest amount of resources.”
3If our planet were a place where each individual has the opportunity to acquire all necessary resources, and each
individual produces exactly one offspring in his or her lifetime, what impact would this have on the process of
evolution by natural selection?- AIt would not occur, because there would be no opportunity for some traits to be passed on more often than other traits.
- BIt would not change, because there would still be some individuals who were better than others.
- CIt would not occur because there would be no differences between individuals.
- DIt would have no impact on natural selection, but it would lead to an increase in mutations.
4Which of the following is the key factor in evolutionary change, according to Darwin’s theory of evolution?
- Ainteraction of heredity and the environment
- Bgenetic transmission of learned behaviour
- Crelative success of aggressive predators
- Dvariations in reproductive success
5What do we call the process by which genes that lead to a survival or reproductive advantage become more
frequent in the next generation?- Anatural selection
- Bpolygenic transmission
- Cepigenetics
- Dgenetic dominance
6Which of the following aspects of evolution is mainly based on chance alone?
- Anatural selection
- Badaptations
- Cgene flow
- Dgenetic drift
7If an individual is born with a genetic mutation, what will happen to that mutation in an evolutionary sense?
- AThe individual will die, so the mutation cannot be passed on to subsequent generations.
- BIf the mutation is beneficial, then it will be selected for and become more common.
- CIt is an isolated genetic anomaly, so it cannot be spread to others in the population.
- DMutations are part of the phenotype, not the genotype, so they won’t affect fitness.
8What occurs when gene frequencies in a population shift because some individuals leave the population and
others enter it?- Agenetic drift
- Bmutation
- Cnatural selection
- Dgene flow
9Which of the following is most likely to contribute to the emergence of new species?
- Aminimal gene flow between populations
- Bgenetic drift within a single generation
- Cincreases in gene flow between populations
- Dmultiple mutations within a population
10What do we call an inherited characteristic that solves a survival problem?
- Adominant gene
- Bgenetic mutation
- Cadaptation
- Dfitness
11Humans’ taste preferences for fatty substances would have conferred a survival advantage for our ancestors, but
in our modern environment, where we have an overabundance of food, that preference can end up causing
obesity and illness. What would an evolutionary psychologist say about this trend?- AIt tends to occur when recessive genes mutate into dominant traits.
- BIt is an example of an adaptation that has become a liability.
- CIt is a consequence of genetic drift across several generations.
- DIt represents the paradox of inclusive fitness.
12Why is it more difficult to study the evolution of behaviour compared to studying the evolution of physical traits?
- ABehaviours may occur infrequently and may not last very long.
- BNatural selection generally does not operate on behaviours.
- CBehaviours are more susceptible to genetic drift.
- DBehaviours tend to evolve more slowly.
13What makes a behaviour adaptive, according to evolutionary theory?
- AIt decreases the amount of genetic drift in the population.
- BIt increases the likelihood of favourable mutations.
- CIt aids the survival or reproduction of an organism and its offspring.
- DIt increases the probability of natural selection.
14Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the roles of heredity and environment in shaping our
behaviour?- AHeredity plays an indirect role by influencing the physiology that interacts with the environment.
- BHeredity affects most physical behaviour, and environment affects most psychological behaviour.
- CGenes exert their influence on behaviour with little impact from environmental factors.
- DGenetic factors have surprisingly little influence on behaviour.
15In your text, we saw that schizophrenia may be a function of abnormalities in neurotransmitter activity, structural
defects in the brain, and genetic vulnerability. Which of the following unifying themes of your text do these
findings support?- ABehaviour is determined by multiple causes.
- BPsychology is empirical.
- CPsychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.
- DBehaviour is shaped by our cultural heritage.
16Much of what we know about left brain/right brain differences would not be known without systematic research
and analysis. The current interest in the right brain/left brain phenomenon highlights the importance of
approaching topics such as this from which point of view?- Aconjectural
- Bempirical
- Canecdotal
- Dsubjective
17Kim is good at reading maps and enjoys listening to music. What would some researchers suggest about Kim,
according to the Personal Application, Evaluating the Concept of “Two Minds in One”?- AShe is “leftbrained.”
- BShe is “midbrained.”
- CShe is “hemispheric.”
- DShe is “rightbrained.”
18In the Personal Application, Evaluating the Concept of “Two Minds in One,” what was the conclusion regarding
left-brain and right-brain thinking?- ARight-brain people benefit most from learning to do more left-brain activities.
- BThere is strong evidence to support modification of school curriculum to support both types of thinking.
- CCareer choice is strongly correlated with which side of the brain is most dominant.
- DThe link between hemispheric lateralization and ability is speculative and unsupported.
19Which of the following features do all of the studies highlighting the possible importance of early experience in
animals have in common?- AThe researchers used very small samples.
- BThey used species that cannot be logically compared to humans.
- CThey used relatively crude measures of brain growth.
- DThey used extreme conditions to make their comparisons.
20Dr. Sandra Witelson found that Einstein’s brain was similar in terms of size and weight to most other brains, but
that it had certain exceptionalities, including a wider parietal region and a distinct sylvian fissure. Which of the
following is a reasonable statement about Einstein’s brain given what we know about the role of environment for
brain plasticity?- AEinstein was born with brain anomalies that led to his mathematical genius, and those anomalies were clearly visible in the autopsy. His experience would not change the actual structure of the brain.
- BIt must be due to the effects of practice that Einstein was so mathematically brilliant, given that he had brain damage in an area that is particularly important for mathematical reasoning.
- CEinstein may have been born with a predisposition toward mathematical genius, or his brain may have been changed as a result of so much practice, but his genius is likely to have been the result of some combination of genetics and experience.
- DThere is no relationship between the structure of the brain and intelligence, because learning changes the function of the brain rather than the structure.
21Which of the following is a valid hypothesis, considering both the Hebbian Learning Rule and evidence that there
is a decline in the number of synapses in the human brain after about age 1?- ABecause we use only 10 percent of our brain at any given time, the decline in synapses after age 1 has no impact on functioning.
- BWe create new connections in infancy, and unless all the necessary connections are made before we are a year old, we will have difficulty learning for the rest of our lives because we start losing brain cells so early.
- CAlthough the number of synapses decreases throughout the life span, the number of neurons does not decrease, and having a large number of neurons is more important than having a large number of synapses.
- DAlthough creating new connections between neurons is important, it is also important to get rid of
unnecessary or outdated connections in order to enhance the efficiency of processing within our brains.
22Drug 8K43 is a stimulant drug that acts by blocking the reuptake of dopamine in the nervous system. This means
that dopamine stays in the synapse longer and continues to stimulate the postsynaptic neuron. Based on this
information, what can we infer about the effects of dopamine on the postsynaptic neuron?- AIt produces excitatory postsynaptic potentials.
- BIt blocks the receptor channels in the postsynaptic neuron.
- CIt cancels out excitatory potentials generated by other neurons.
- DIt reduces inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.
23Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?
- Astereotaxic instrument
- Bcomputerized tomography scan
- Celectroencephalograph
- Dreticular activating system
24Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?
- Ahemispheric lateralization
- Bpositron emission tomography
- Cmagnetic resonance imaging
- Delectroencephalography
25Trevor (next few questions will come from this)
Trevor is going for a run. He starts thinking about all the things that he needs to do throughout his day, and he
decides that after he showers he will study for his midterm for a little while before he goes to work for the
evening. As Trevor rounds the corner near home, he sees something move near his feet and then feels a sharp
pain in his right leg. At this point, Trevor’s heart rate increases substantially, as he spins away from the dog that
just bit him. As the dog’s owner apologizes and puts the dog back on its leash, Trevor’s heart rate slows down
and he then makes his way home.
As Trevor’s heart rate is coming back down after the dog bite, he is feeling less fear. Which division of the
nervous system is responsible for the physiological changes associated with calming back down?- Aperipheral
- Bsympathetic
- Csomatic
- Dparasympathetic
26As Trevor is running, what area of his brain is sending signals to his muscles so that they will move?
- Amotor cortex in the parietal lobes
- Bsomatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes
- Cmotor cortex in the frontal lobes
- Dsomatosensory cortex in the frontal lobes
27When Trevor feels the pain in his right leg, what area of the brain responds to this sensation?
- Aleft parietal lobe
- Bright temporal lobe
- Cleft frontal lobe
- Dright prefrontal cortex
28As Trevor plans out his day, which area of his brain is processing these higher-level thoughts?
- Alimbic system
- Bprefrontal cortex
- Cmedial temporal lobes
- DWernicke’s area
29What would an evolutionary psychologist say about Trevor’s physiological responses to the frightening
experience of being bitten?- AFight or flight responses are adaptations that evolved through natural selection.
- BThe increase in heart rate is caused by an overactive hypothalamus.
- CSuch responses put Trevor at risk for developing an anxiety disorder.
- DFight or flight responses are a maladaptive consequence of exposure to danger.
Información
- Descripción
- Psychology Test sobre Chapter 3 - part 8: The Evolutionary Bases of Behaviour , creado por Vincent Voltaire el 08/02/2020.
- Autor
- Vincent Voltaire
- Idioma
- English
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- 178
- Historial
- Creado el 8 feb 2020 · actualizado el 11 feb 2020
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