Test
Crime and Deviance
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Preguntas del test (58)
1Is Becker...
- AA Marxist
- BA functionalist
- CAn interactionist
- DA left realist
2What does Durkheim believe about crime?
- AIt is unnecessary and separates people
- BIt is necessary, inevitable and brings people together
3There are two reasons for crime according to Durkheim, he says that these are 1- not everyone is [blank_start]socialised[blank_end] equally into the same norms and values and 2- in modern [blank_start]complex[blank_end] societies, there is a [blank_start]diversity[blank_end] of lifestyles and values.
- Asocialised
- Bcomplex
- Cdiversity
4Durkheim says that there are 3 positive functions of crime. What are they?
- ASocial solidarity
- BMaintaining Patriarchy
- CBoundary Maintenance - reinforcing committment to shared norms and values
- Dsocial cohesion
- EAnomie
- FAdaptation and Change
- GStagnation
5Identify one limitation of Durkheim's positive functions of crime.
- AAnomie
- BIt ignores the victims - e.g. BLM protests where property was damaged and looting
- CIt is an optimistic approach to crime and deviance
6Merton's theory is often referred to as 'Strain Theory'
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
7[blank_start]Goals[blank_end] are something that you want to achieve and [blank_start]Means[blank_end] are the things that you need to get there.
- AGoals
- BMeans
8Merton used the example of the '[blank_start]American Dream[blank_end]' of economic success to explain crime and deviance among [blank_start]working-class[blank_end] individuals.
- AAmerican Dream
- Bworking-class
9Merton ued the American Dream to explain that it was possible for everyone to achieve this goal.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
10The 5 adaptations presented by Merton were: [blank_start]Conformity[blank_end], [blank_start]Innovation[blank_end], [blank_start]Ritualism[blank_end], [blank_start]Retreatism[blank_end] and [blank_start]Rebellion[blank_end].
- AConformity
- BInnovation
- CRitualism
- DRetreatism
- ERebellion
11A limitation of Merton's Strain Theory is that it focuses on White Collar Crime.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
12[blank_start]Subcultures[blank_end] are cultures within cultures who share the same [blank_start]norms[blank_end] and values which may be different from [blank_start]mainstream[blank_end] society's values.
- ASubcultures
- Bnorms
- Cmainstream
13How does Cohen criticise Merton's theory?
- ADeviance is the product of unemployment
- BMerton focuses on utilitarian crimes (those committed for material gain)
14Cohen's theory of material frustration
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
15Cohen argued that [blank_start]lower[blank_end] class boys strove to achieve middle-class values and aspirations but had no means to attain success so they [blank_start]reject[blank_end] middle-class values by behaving badly and by doing so they gained [blank_start]status[blank_end] from peers.
- Alower
- Bmiddle
- Creject
- Daccept
- Estatus
- Fstrain
- Gpressure
16Cloward and Ohlin identified 3 types of subcultures: Criminal, conflict and ritualist.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
17A limitation of Cloward and Ohlin's illegal opportunity structure is that it assumes that criminals fit perfectly into one categor, however there may be some overlap between subcultures.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
18People are labelled according to their [blank_start]interactions[blank_end] with agencies of social control, their [blank_start]appearance[blank_end] and background, and the [blank_start]situation[blank_end] or circumstance of the offence.
- Ainteractions
- Bappearance
- Csituation
19What did Piliavin and Briar find out about how the police operate?
- AThey judge and label people based on their interactions, appearance and the situation.
- BThey judge people by being racist or sexist.
20Becker explains the '[blank_start]deviant career[blank_end]' and the importance of labelling by using 6 stages of labelling. 1- people witness the crime. 2- the act is labelled as deviant by institution. 3- individual is labelled as deviant. 4- label becomes the [blank_start]master[blank_end] label. 5- criminal accepts the label and it becomes a [blank_start]self-fulfilling[blank_end] prophecy. 6- the indiviual joins a criminal group/[blank_start]subculture[blank_end].
- Adeviant career
- Blabelling theory
- Cself-fulfilling prophecy
- Ddeviant status
- Emaster
- Fstatus
- Gdelinquent
- Hself-fulfilling
- Ilabelling
- Jsubculture
- Kculture
- Lsociety
21Cicourel states that 'justice' is [blank_start]negotiable[blank_end]. For example, if a middle-class youth was arrested he was far less likely to be charged than a working-class youth. for example because their parents may say that 'they will be harshly punished' etc.
- Anegotiable
22How do Marxists criticise interactionists and functionalists view on crime?
- AThey both focus on working-class crime rather than middle-class crime as well
- BLaw isn't a reflection of value consensus aong society's members
- CStatistics reflect the ruling class ideology and laws are to protect the middle-class, such as property laws.
23How does Capitalism cause crime?
- ACapitalism has structured inequalities - such as wealth, income and opportunities, thus creating motivation for the working-class to commit 'more' crime.
- BCapitalism is a criminal system that encourages greed and exploitation.
- CThe working-class are isolated from society
24Capitalist advertising leads to crime as crime is the only way to obtain these consumer goods advertised resulting in [blank_start]utilitarian[blank_end] crimes, such as theft.
- Autilitarian
25Law making is seen as enforcement and protecting inequality, such as maintaining [blank_start]dominant[blank_end] class interests. For example [blank_start]Chambliss[blank_end] argues that the vast majority of laws are made to protect [blank_start]property[blank_end] - This supports that it protects the middle-class as they are the owners of property so they are the ones who benefit. Therefore, law making protects and reinforces class inequality.
- Adominant
- Bsubmissive
- CChambliss
- DKarl Marx
- EParsons
- FLenin
- GAlthusser
- HBowles and Gintis
- Iproperty
- Jvehicles
- Kfamilies
- Lconsumer goods
26Give two limitations of the Marxist view on crime?
- Aignores the victims
- Bsuggests that crime is an act of political protest - it isn't always, e.g. joyriding
- Call crimes are against property laws
- Dsocieties who claim to be marxists have higher crime rates
27The key difference between the Marxist and Neo-Marxist approach is the Marxism is determinstic in saying that crime is a political protest against capitalism and exploitation and Neo-Marxism is voluntaristic; meaning that cime is a meaningful and conscious action by the actor.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
28How do right realists view crime?
- ASociety is an unequal and capitalist one where crime is a gradual change rather than the violent overthrow of capitalism as the way to achieve greater equality.
- BThey see it as a growing problem that destroys communities, undermines social cohesion and threatens society's work ethic.
29Right realists argue that people are the ones who commit the rimes, not society (it isn't society's fault). Therefore, crime is down to the individual.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
30What are some of the reasons that right realists say that are the causes of crime?
- Ainadequate socialisation
- Bcrime is the result of individual biological differences
- Cpoverty is a cause for crime
- Dfree will
31Left realists believe that crime is a result of free will.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
32Identify the causes of crime argued by left realists.
- Arelative deprivation
- Bhomosexuality
- Cmarginalisation
- Dlone-parent families
- Esubcultures
- Fcommunism
33R[blank_start]elative[blank_end] deprivation refers to how deprived someone feels compared to their expectations.
Marginalisation refers to the lack of both clear goals and organisations to represent their interests.
Subcultures - for leftists, a subculture is a group's [blank_start]collective[blank_end] solution to the problem of relative deprivation.- Aelative
- Bcollective
34[blank_start]4[blank_end]/5 convicted offenders are male.
[blank_start]9[blank_end]% of females have criminal convictions by 40 years old. This is [blank_start]32[blank_end]% for males.
Overall, there are [blank_start]higher[blank_end] rates of recidivism for males than females.- A4
- B9
- C32
- Dhigher
35Who presented the Chivalry Thesis?
- AParsons
- BBurman and Batchelor
- CPollack
- DCarlen
- EAdler
- FHeidensohn
36The [blank_start]Chivalry[blank_end] Thesis argues that men have a [blank_start]protective[blank_end] attitude towards women, for example, so police officers dislike to arrest women, thus their conviction rates are lower. This suggests that females are less likely to be arrested and end up in the official [blank_start]statistics[blank_end] because they are being protected. This makes the official statistics inaccurate and less valid by exaggerating the gender differences in crime rates.
- AChivalry
- Bprotective
- Cstatistics
37[blank_start]Functionalist[blank_end] sex role theory focuses on early [blank_start]socialisation[blank_end] of men and women. Parsons functional family fit model supports this. Men seek to be more 'masculine'; leading to more questionable behaviours. Women are [blank_start]expressive[blank_end] so are better socialised so men are more likely to be more 'masculine' by acting in a certain way.
- AFunctionalist
- Bsocialisation
- Cexpressive
38The functionalist sex role theory assumes that all people are in a nuclear family setting and focuses on the biological assumptions of gender and assumes all women are socialised well and men aren't.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
39Heidensohn talked about 'Patriarchal Control'. This refers to how women are controlled at [blank_start]home[blank_end], work and in public.
Home - Dobash and Dobash said that many violent attacks were from men's dissatisfaction with wives on their performance of domestic duties.
Work - [blank_start]sexual harassment[blank_end].
Public - [blank_start]54%[blank_end] of women avoid going out after dark due to fear of being victims of crime.- Ahome
- Bsexual harassment
- C54%
40Black individuals are 9 times more likely to be stop and searched.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
41[blank_start]Canteen[blank_end] culture argues that the culture that the police have developed contains a number of core characteristics one of which is racism. For example, [blank_start]Holdaway[blank_end] and Graef all revealed stereotypical views among police officers about the criminality of young black men.
- ACanteen
- BHoldaway
42[blank_start]Institutional[blank_end] racism is where policies and practices of a system has racist ideas.
- AInstitutional
43Examples of Neo-Marxist sociologists are...
- AGilroy
- BHall
- CLea and Young
44G[blank_start]ilroy[blank_end] mentioned the 'myth of [blank_start]black criminality[blank_end]' and says that black people aren't more criminal, everyone's crime rates are the same. He claims that these individuals are criminalised so appear to be in greater numbers in the official [blank_start]statistics[blank_end].
- Ailroy
- Bblack criminality
- Cstatistics
45H[blank_start]all[blank_end] found that when there was an [blank_start]economic[blank_end] crisis and instead of telling the public, the news filled the papers with headlines of 'muggings committed by black people'. This caused a [blank_start]moral panic[blank_end]. These muggings were used as '[blank_start]scape goats[blank_end]' to distract the public from the economic crisis.
- Aall
- Beconomic
- Cmoral panic
- Dscape goats
46Lea and [blank_start]Young[blank_end] said it was not possible to explain ethnic minority crime just by discrimination. They argue that unemployment, [blank_start]relative[blank_end] deprivation, [blank_start]subcultures[blank_end] and marginalisation.
- AYoung
- Brelative
- Csubcultures
47An example of support for media causing crime is the [blank_start]James Bulger[blank_end] case.
- AJames Bulger
48Ditton and Duffy argue that the news under-exaggerates violent and sexual crimes.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
49Wall identified different types of cyber-crime. These included:
- ACyber trespassing
- BTax evasion
- CCyber pornography
- DCyber violence
50The media can create moral panics in many ways; give some examples of this.
- AElvis was portrayed as vuglar which created a moral panic because many wanted to be like and imitate him.
- BIn the 30s, there were many gang films which led to a slight increase in gang activity which created a moral panic.
- CGangst rap promotes violence, thus leading to a moral panic.
51Racist [blank_start]victimisation[blank_end] occurs when an individual is selected as a target because of their race, ethnicity or religion.
- Avictimisation
52An example of racist victimisation is the [blank_start]Stephen Lawrence[blank_end] case.
- AStephen Lawrence
53Some examples of news values are...
- ADramatisation (e.g. Brian Williams)
- BLow status
- CHigh status
- DSimplication
- EViolence
54[blank_start]Surette[blank_end] identified the representation of crime statistics as the 'law of opposites'. This means that representations of crime in the media are the [blank_start]opposite[blank_end] of the official crime statistics. for example, property crime is under-represented and violent, drug-related and sexual crimes are over-represented. Also, the midea portrays sex crimes as being committed by a psychopathic stranger; when they are usually committed by someone in the family or close to the victim.
- ASurette
- Bopposite
55It is difficult to monitor cyber crimes because of the sheer volume. The police see cyber crime as [blank_start]low[blank_end] priority because it is seen as lacking [blank_start]excitement[blank_end] of conventional policing. However, new technologies provide greater opportunities for surveillance and control.
- Alow
- Bexcitement
56Who came up with the idea of Folk Devils?
- AMerton
- BCohen
- CDitton and Duffy
- DGarbner
57Folk devils are people or groups in society that can be defined as [blank_start]outsiders[blank_end].
- Aoutsiders
58Labelling causes secondary deviance through the self-fulfilling prophecy. This is known as Deviancy [blank_start]Amplification[blank_end] - labelling causes further deviance.
- AAmplification
Información
- Descripción
- A level Sociology Test sobre Crime and Deviance , creado por Caitlin Hazelton el 02/02/2022.
- Autor
- Caitlin Hazelton
- Idioma
- English
- Visitas
- 2
- Etiquetas
- Valoración
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