Test
Midterm 1 (2016)
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Preguntas del test (60)
1As discussed in class lecture, health psychologists propose that "health" is best described as a(n) _____.
- Apositive state of mental, social, and physical well-being
- Babsence of illness
- Cabsence of disease risks
- Dlack of a terminal condition
- Epositive state of increased longevity
2During the action potential, the neuron is _____.
- AA. sending a message down the axon
- BB. undergoing transfer of sodium and potassium ions across the axonal membrane
- CC. actively preparing to fire an action potential, but not actually doing so
- DD. A & B
- EE. B & C
3In discussing the illness and health continuum, Aaron Antonovsky emphasized the importance of focusing on _____.
- AA. new treatments for biological disease
- BB. new treatments for psychological disease
- CC. what makes people sick
- DD. what keeps people well
- EE. A & B
4Which of the following has been identified as a risk factor for cancer?
- AA. excessive alcohol use
- BB. high fat diet
- CC. cigarette smoking
- DD. B & C
- EE. A, B & C
5An epidemiologist writes a report on the total number of previously reported and new cases of AIDS for the past 5 years. He is reporting on the disease's _____.
- Aprevalence
- Bmorbidity
- Cincidence
- Dmortality
6In operant conditioning, the association that is learned is between the _____ and the _____.
- Areinforcement; punishment
- Bbehavior; consequence
- Cconditioned stimulus; conditioned response
- Dunconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
- Econditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
7In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between the _____ and the _____.
- Areinforcement; punishment
- Bbehavior; consequence
- Cconditioned stimulus; conditioned response
- Dunconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
- Econditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
8Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and ependymal cells are similar in that they are all types of _____.
- Aneurons in the central nervous system
- Bneurons in the peripheral nervous system
- Cglia in the central nervous system
- Dglia in the peripheral nervous system
- Ecells in the immune system
9According to Matarazzo, health-protective habits are known as _____, whereas health-impairing habits are known as
_____.- Abehavioral antigens; behavioral antibodies
- Bbehavioral pathogens; behavioral immunogens
- Cbehavioral antibodies; behavioral antigens
- Dbehavioral immunogens; behavioral pathogens
10Myelin is a fatty, white insulating material that wraps around _____.
- AA. axons
- BB. cell bodies
- CC. dendrites
- DD. A & B
- EE. A, B & C
11To study the effects of antioxidant consumption on heart disease, 200 healthy individuals, 17-21 years of age, are
recruited to participate in a study that will track their antioxidant intake and heart-disease incidence for 40 years. This
study is an example of a _____.- AA. quasi-experimental study
- BB. prospective study
- CC. retrospective study
- DD. A & B
- EE. A & C
12That speech production and language comprehension are processed in different parts of the neocortex is evidence of
_____.- Aneuroplasticity of brain function
- Bgeneralization of brain function
- Clocalization of brain function
- Dredundancy of brain function
13Which is true of phenylketonuria (PKU)?
- AIt is an autoimmune disorder
- BIt is caused by the addition of an extra chromosome
- CIts effects on the brain can be greatly reduced by dietary restriction
- DIt occurs more often in women than in men
- EIt is an endocrine system disorder
14In the nervous system, a lock-and-key relationship exists between the _____.
- Aneurotransmitter and ion channel
- Bneurotransmitter and synaptic cleft
- Cneurotransmitter and neuron
- Dneurotransmitter and postsynaptic receptor
15In the endocrine system, a lock-and-key relationship exists between the _____.
- Ahormone and ductless gland
- Bhormone and ducted gland
- Chormone and receptor on the target cell
- Dhormone and ion channel
16During the stress response, the adrenal medulla releases _____ and the adrenal cortex releases _____.
- Acortisol; adrenaline
- Badrenaline; cortisol
- Cadrenaline; noradrenaline
- Dnoradrenaline; adrenaline
- Eopioids; cortisol
17In the process of neural communication, neurotransmitters, themselves, _____.
- Atransmit messages down the axon
- Bcan inhibit, but not excite the postsynaptic cell
- Ccan excite, but not inhibit the postsynaptic cell
- Dcan excite or inhibit the postsynaptic cell
18The presence of a positive feedback loop in the system that induces birthing contractions during labor indicates
that the system _____.- Aproduces pleasurable effects in the parturient female
- Bis associated with excitatory neurotransmitter action
- Cproduces change rather than balance
- Dfacilitates homeostasis
- Ecreates excitatory postsynaptic potentials in the target cells
19Neurons in the hippocampus (“seahorse”) are involved in _____.
- AA. Memory consolidation
- BB. spatial navigation
- CC. feeding, fighting, fleeing, and mating
- DD. transfer of sensory information to the neocortex
- EE. A & B
20During the stress response, analgesia (pain relief) is caused mainly via endogenous _____ release.
- Aglucocorticoid
- Bcatecholamine
- Creproductive hormone
- Dopioid
- Eadrenaline and noradrenaline
21The condition called _____ produces resting tremors, bradykinesia (slow movement), rigid posture, and impaired
coordination that result from cell destruction in the _____.- Amultiple sclerosis; substantia nigra
- BParkinson’s disease; substantia nigra
- Cmultiple sclerosis; striatum
- DParkinson’s disease; striatum
- Eepilepsy; nigrostriatal pathway
22Cognitive restructuring (e.g., modifying the way we view stressors in life so as to diminish or eliminate deleterious
effects on the health of our magnificent brains) is an example of _____.- Acognitive behavior-focused coping
- Bbehavioral cognitive-focused coping
- Ccognitive emotion-focused coping
- Dbehavioral emotion-focused coping
23Which of the following is true regarding the role of emotions in health and illness?
- AA. People with positive emotions take better care of their health
- BB. Fear prevents some people from obtaining medical care
- CC. Recovery from illness can be affected by emotions
- DD. A, B & C
24For what reasons are women thought to live longer than are men?
- AA. Men have greater physiological reactivity when under stress and this contributes to greater likelihood of
coronary heart disease - BB. Estrogen levels in women delay heart disease by reducing blood cholesterol levels and platelet clotting
- CC. Men smoke more cigarettes and drink more alcohol, which increases the risk for cardiovascular disease,
respiratory disease, cancer, and cirrhosis - DD. Men are less likely to seek medical care
- EE. A, B, C & D
- AA. Men have greater physiological reactivity when under stress and this contributes to greater likelihood of
25In an experiment designed to investigate the effects of stress-inoculation training on blood pressure in people with
Type A personality, the dependent variable is _____.- Astress-inoculation training
- Bblood pressure
- CType A personality
- Dpersons with Type A personality
26According to Hans Selye (the Father of Stress Research), the immediate mobilization of defenses to handle the
demands of a stressor occurs during the _____ stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome.- Aconflict
- Bopposition
- Calarm
- Dresistance
- Echallenge
27According to class lecture, which of the following statements is TRUE?
- AA. The stress response is the product of natural selection
- BB. Stressors are always negative
- CC. Stress can be alleviated (lessened) with good coping skills
- DD. B & C
- EE. A & C
28Which statement is TRUE about psychophysiological (i.e., psychosomatic) disorders?
- AA. They are associated with no real physical impairment
- BB. They reflect “faking” on the part of the sufferer
- CC. They are unrelated to psychological factors
- DD. They are caused or exacerbated by psychological factors
- EE. A, B & C
29According to class lecture, which of the following is correctly classified as a (potential) stressor?
- AA. trauma
- BB. cortisol release
- CC. adrenaline release
- DD. B & C
- EE. A, B & C
30According to class lecture, which of the following is correctly classified as stress?
- AA. trauma
- BB. cortisol release
- CC. adrenaline release
- DD. B & C
- EE. A, B & C
31Which of the following is NOT an example of primary prevention?
- Ausing a condom during sexual intercourse
- Bengaging in regular exercise
- Cgetting pre-conception genetic counseling
- Dtaking a prescribed medicine to treat diabetes type I
32As coined by McEwan, “allostatic load” refers to _____.
- Athe physiological costs caused by chronic activation of the stress response
- Bthe physiological benefits caused by acute activation of the stress response
- Cthe physiological state of balance achieved when the demands of the stressor are equivalent to the resources of
the individual facing the stressor - Dthe psychological state of imbalance that occurs when the fight-or-flight response is activated
33The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is activated during _____.
- Aparasympathetic nervous system activation
- Benergy conservation
- Cstress
- Drest-and-digest processes
34Compared to the effects of the endocrine system, those of the nervous system are _____.
- AA. more precise
- BB. more rapid
- CC. longer lasting
- DD. A & B
- EE. B & C
35The main cell types of the central nervous system are _____; the main cell types of the peripheral nervous
system are _____.- Aneurons; glia
- Bglia; neurons
- Cneurons AND glia; neurons AND glia
- Dsensory and motor neurons; interneurons
36According to Lazarus’ Transactional Model, stress arises from a person’s _____.
- Acognitive appraisal of events
- Bnegative life events
- Ceveryday hassles
- Dlack of physical health
- Egenetically determined reactivity to stressors
37People with positive self-esteem may experience less stress because _____.
- Ademands are perceived as challenges rather than threats in these individuals
- Bthreatening situations cause more analgesia in these individuals
- Cpeople with positive self-esteem engage in very little secondary appraisal
- Dself-confidence is associated with a hardy Type S personality
38Compared to people with Type B personality, people with Type A personality are ___.
- Aless likely to develop coronary heart disease
- Bmore likely to develop coronary heart disease
- Cequally likely to develop coronary heart disease
- Dless likely to experience time urgency
39The most stressful occupations are those that involve _____.
- Alow demands and low control
- Blow demands and high control
- Chigh demands and low contro
- Dhigh demands and high control
40Conflict theory emphasizes the impact of _____ on all major health decisions.
- Aonly rational thinking
- Bonly irrational thinking
- Cboth rational and irrational thinking
- Dneither rational nor irrational thinking
41According to the health belief model, women who have annual mammograms to detect breast cancer _____.
- AA. believe that they are susceptible to breast cancer
- BB. believe that developing breast cancer would cause serious consequences
- CC. believe that the benefits of having annual mammograms outweigh the costs
- DD. A & C
- EE. A, B & C
42The largest white matter structure in the brain is the _____.
- Acentral sulcus
- Blongitudinal fissure
- Ccorpus callosum
- Dlimbic cortex
- Eneocortex
43Allowing workers to have some control over their work hours, which tasks to work on, and the order in which they
perform the tasks are ways to _____ in workers.- Aincrease pessimistic attributional style
- Bpromote the use of intellectualization as a coping strategy
- Cactivate the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis
- Denhance personal control
44The presence of quality social support has been linked to _____.
- AA. lower coronary heart risk
- BB. fewer pregnancy complications
- CC. lower mortality rate
- DD. quicker recovery from illness
- EE. A, B, C & D
45In research, a “double blind” design eliminates/reduces _____ effects.
- AA. participant expectancy
- BB. experimenter expectancy
- CC. confounding variable
- DD. A & B
- EE. A, B & C
46The notion that social support is beneficial to health regardless of stress level is called the _____ hypothesis.
- Abuffering
- Bhealth belief
- Cdirect effects
- Dgeneralizability
- Eglobal network
47Problem-focused coping is LEAST likely to be used under which of the following situations?
- Adestruction of property due to a hurricane
- Bloss of a loved one
- Cfinal exams
- Djob loss
- Einterpersonal conflict
48Stress and BDNF (brain-derived neurotropic factor, which promotes the growth of new neurons) are related in some
brain regions such that increased stress is linked to decreased BDNF. This relationship illustrates a _____.- Apositive correlation
- Bnegative correlation
- Cneutral correlation
- Dcausal correlation
49According to the theory of planned behavior (action), the key determinant of people’s behavior is _____.
- Aself-efficacy
- Bsocial norms
- Cperceived behavioral control
- Demotional stability
- Eintention
50Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a useful scientific theory?
- AIt enables predictions that can be empirically tested.
- BIt relates information that previously seemed to be unrelated.
- CIt is unchanging in the face of new data.
- DIt organizes accepted facts in a coherent way.
51Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between psychosocial factors and heart
disease?- AA. Cardiac patients with strong social support recover faster and survive longer than do cardiac patients with little
social support. - BB. Pre-existing family problems can be exacerbated by a heart attack.
- CC. Unhealthy family dynamics can promote cardiac problems.
- DD. A, B & C
- AA. Cardiac patients with strong social support recover faster and survive longer than do cardiac patients with little
52In what way are multiple sclerosis and diabetes type I similar?
- AThey are both characterized by underactive immune systems.
- BThey are both endocrine disorders.
- CThey are both peripheral nervous system disorders.
- DThey are both autoimmune disorders.
- EThey are both characterized by decreased insulin release from the pancreas.
53People who have an _____ locus of control believe that their own decisions and behaviors affect their outcomes, and
people with such a belief system generally experience _____ physical and psychological health.- Aexternal; better
- Bexternal; worse
- Cinternal; better
- Dinternal; worse
54Actions taken to help a patient manage complicated, long term health problems such as diabetes, heart disease,
cancer, and chronic musculoskeletal pain are generally referred to as _____.- Aprimary prevention
- Bsecondary prevention
- Ctertiary prevention
- Dquaternary prevention
55According to class lecture, which of the following is TRUE about the effects of exercise?
- AA. Regular exercise lowers cardiovascular reactivity and decreases likelihood of hypertension
- BB. Less illness is noted in those who exercise more
- CC. Stress has less of a deleterious impact on the health of fit people
- DD. Exercise may slow the progression of certain brain disorders
- EE. A, B, C & D
56Who coined the terms homeostasis and fight-or-flight response?
- AAlbert Einstein
- BHans Selye
- CRichard Lazarus
- DWalter Cannon
- ESir Isaac Newton
57Positive reinforcement _____ the chances that a behavior will recur; negative reinforcement _____ the chances
that a behavior will recur. (Please read this question very carefully!)- Aincreases; decreases
- Bdecreases; increases
- Cincreases; increases
- Ddecreases; decreases
58The nursing home residents who were given greater control over their lives in the Langer and Rodin (1976) study
(i.e., they had a plant to tend and could help to plan the menu) were more likely to be _____ than were the control
condition participants a year and a half later.- Adeceased
- Balive and healthier
- Calive, but no healthier
- Da member of the community gardening team (Please do not pick this choice!)
59According to the biopsychosocial model presented in lecture, health and disease outcomes flow directly from ____.
(Please note that the answer key is correct this time!)- AA. biological factors
- BB. psychological factors
- CC. social factors
- DD. A, B & C
60Brain coral gets its name from the fact that its outer covering (bark) resembles that of the _____.
- Acorpus callosum
- Bthalamus
- Ctectum
- Dspinal cord
- Eneocortex
Información
- Descripción
- Exam (PSY 325) Psychology Test sobre Midterm 1 (2016), creado por Grace Colette el 12/12/2016.
- Autor
- Grace Colette
- Idioma
- English
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- 43
- Etiquetas
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