Test
Intro to Psychology Review
Preguntas del test (46)
1The "Scientific Method" consists of observing, hypothesizing, predicting, testing, modifying the hypothesis, and then re-testing that hypothesis.
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2Which of the following best defines "Parismony"?
- AMake your hypothesis as simple as possible, only making a more complex explanation when a simple one cannot account for the data.
- BMake your hypothesis initially complex and then break it down as the data begins to fill in the gaps.
- CExplore the data before your hypothesis and let what you find form your question.
3"Falsifiability" is when you ensure you can test your hypothesis and you design the data so that it can:
- ASupport your hypothesis.
- BContradict your hypothesis.
- CProve your hypothesis.
- DDisprove your hypothesis.
4What is the definition of "Converging evidence"?
- ABecause no single study can 'prove' something, look for evidence from multiple studies with different methods.
- BWhen your evidence comes together to prove your hypothesis.
- CWhen the evidence from another academic inadvertently proves your hypothesis correct.
5Psychology = study of humans and human interactions.
Biology = study of cells and cellular interactions.
Chemistry = study of molecules and molecular interactions.
Physics = study of particles, atoms and atomic interactions.- AVerdadero
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6In Descartes' view the physical body and the mental mind belong in separate realms. The mental mind is able to...
- AInfluence the physical body through the brain.
- BInfluence the brain through the mental mind.
- CInfluence the physical body through the mental mind.
7Phineas Gage was an American railroad construction foreman who survived an accident in which a large iron rod was driven completely through his head destroying much of his brain's left frontal lobe. The following twelve years his friends witnessed his personality shift in radical ways. What did this prove to people of the time about the mind and the brain?
- AThat the 'mind' is in the 'brain' and when the 'brain' is damaged then so is the 'mind'.
- BThat the 'mind' and the 'brain' are two separate spheres.
8Which of the following are the "historical schools of psychology?"
- AStructuralism – “What is conscious experience?”
- BFunctionalism – “Why is conscious experience?”
- CBehaviourism – “Forget about conscious experience – behaviour is most important!”
- DFreudian psychoanalysis – “Forget about conscious experience – the unconscious is most important!”
- EGestalt Psychology – "Think about conscious experience as a whole!"
- FCognitive – "Can we remember conscious experience?"
- GHumanistic – "Do we independently have a conscious experience?"
9What is "Correlational research"?
- AWhen you assess the degree of relationship between two variables.
- BWhen you assess the correlation between two or more studies.
10When it comes to "Correlation and causation" if all we have is correlation between two variables ("attending class leads to good grades"), what can we say for sure?
- AThat one variables (i.e. attending class) DOES NOT necessarily cause the other (i.e. good grades).
- BThat one variable (i.e. attending class) DOES cause the second variable (i.e. good grades).
11When it comes to "Correlation and causation", the "third variable problem" is that a correlation between two variables (e.g. "attending class" and "good grades") may be caused by a third variable (e.g. "students who are highly conscientious or hard-working might always attend every class and also study a lot for exams").
Therefore, conscientiousness independently causes attendance at class AND good grades, without attendance at class necessarily having any direct causal effect on grades.- AVerdadero
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12The "independent variable" is ...
- AThe aspect of the situation that we manipulate.
- BThe aspect of the situation that we observe and measure.
13The "dependent variable" is...
- AThe aspect of the situation that we observe and measure.
- BThe aspect of the situation that we manipulate.
14Which of the following must the "independent variable" have in order to be able to vary it?
- ATwo or more levels in order to create two or more conditions.
- BA change in the dependent variable.
15Manipulating the level of the independent variable should cause the dependent variable to remain relatively the same.
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16"Excitation" is when neurotransmitters open channels in the cell wall of a neuron that allow positively-charged Sodium ions (Na+) to enter the cell. Makes the neuron more likely to send on its own signal (action potential).
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17"Inhibition" is when neurotransmitters open channels in the cell wall of a neuron that allow negatively-charged Chloride ions (Cl-) to enter the cell and positively-charged Potassium ions (K+) to leave the cell. Makes the neuron less likely to send on its own signal (action potential).
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18"Nicotine" is which of the following?
- AAgonist.
- BAntagonist.
19"Caffeine" is which of the following?
- AAntagonist.
- BAgonist.
20Agonists are chemicals that work in the same way as one of the brain’s natural neurotransmitters (e.g. Nicotine works like Acetylcholine). Antagonists are chemicals that block or oppose the action of one of the brain’s natural neurotransmitters (e.g. Caffeine blocks the actions of Adenosine).
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21Which of the following four are the lobes of the brain?
- AFrontal lobe – Planning, decision-making, strategic thinking, inhibition. Also contains the motor cortex, which controls initiation of voluntary muscle movements.
- BParietal lobe – Sensory cortex.
- CTemporal lobe – Auditory processing. Highly active during language tasks.
- DOccipital lobe – The site of most visual processing.
- ERear lobe – Where the 'mind' in the 'brain' exists.
- FPermamental lobe – Visual processing and controls how we perceive shades of light.
22If 'sensations' are "the raw input you receive, in terms of colours, and edges" then which of the following most accurately describes "Sensation'?
- AThe stimulation of your senses caused by input from the outside world.
- BThe meaning that you assign to that stimulation.
23If 'perceptions' are "created both bottom-up and top-down" then which of the following most accurately describes "Perception'?
- AThe meaning that you assign to that stimulation.
- BThe stimulation of your senses caused by input from the outside world.
24Which of the following is "Bottom-up processing"?
- ATaking the sensory input and building up a recognizable image from the combination of lines, corners and colours.
- BTaking our knowledge, beliefs and expectations about the visual scene and using them to help construct a meaningful representation of what we are looking at.
25Which of the following is "Top-down processing"?
- ATaking our knowledge, beliefs and expectations about the visual scene and using them to help construct a meaningful representation of what we are looking at.
- BTaking the sensory input and building up a recognizable image from the combination of lines, corners and colours.
26The 6 million "cones" are located mostly in the centre of your retina, and process colour and fine detail.
The 120 million "rods" are located more around the edges of your retina, and because they are more sensitive to light, they are responsible for your ability to see at night (or in other low-light conditions).- AVerdadero
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27In terms of "the sleep cycle" which of the following occurs?
- ASleep cycles through the various stages four or five times a night
- BAs night progresses more time is spent in REM sleep.
- CLess time is spent in the deeper stages of sleep.
- DBody temperature fluctuates throughout REM sleep.
- ESleep paralysis ends during REM sleep but starts doing other stages of sleep.
- FThe body stiffens into a more natural position.
28Instrumental conditioning consists of learning that one event signals that certain behaviours will now result in the production of a second event (a reward or punishment). In this case, your behaviour is critical to the production of the second event (the reward or punishment).
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29In CC, you learn that certain events result in certain outcomes. In IC, you learn that your behaviour results in certain outcomes.
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30Behaviours are more likely to be repeated in future if they are reinforced, but a lot depends on when and how often those reinforcements are delivered.
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31Partial reinforcement schedules come in four varieties:
- ARatio schedules reward you after a certain number of actions.
- BInterval schedules reward you after a certain period of time.
- CFixed schedules reward you steadily.
- DVariable schedules reward you intermittently.
- ERepeated schedules reward you multiple times simultaneously.
- FClosed schedules do not reward you at all.
32What is "Retroactive interference"?
- AWhen new information takes over the cues that we use to recover old information.
- BWhen old memory cues take over new information and prevents us from remembering new content.
- CWhen two or more new memories interfere with each other and prevent the new memory from being memorized.
33In terms of memory cues, when old information 'wins' (old interferes with new information) this is called...
- AProactive interference.
- BRetroactive interference.
- CDeactive interference.
34What is a "Memory schema"?
- AOrganized scripts in memory, detailing expectations about beliefs, people, places and activities.
- BSchemes we create to help us remember things like people and places.
- CPhysical scripts (e.g. souvenirs) we keep of details we would like to remember in the future.
35In a study by Brewer and Treyens (1981) participants were left alone in the experimenter's office. Thirty-five seconds later participants were moved to another room and tested how much of the office they recall. What happened?
- AParticipants were more likely to remember / mis-remember items that fit into a typical "office schema" (e.g. 'computer', 'desk', 'notebook', 'shelf', etc.).
- BParticipants were unable to remember anything about the office due to the lack of time given.
- CParticipants were able to remember three-to-five specific items that had caught their attention.
36When testing "eye-witness testimony" Loftus and Palmer (1974) showed undergraduates a video of two cars having an accident, then asked "about how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?". The answer they got was "42mph". When they asked "about how fast were the cars going when they contacted each other" were they able to recall the same information?
- ANo, because the type of question you ask determines which schema gets activated.
- BYes, because the questions are essentially the same, the students could rely on the same schema to recall information.
37While forgetting can be normal and even adaptive, it can also be caused by damage to the brain from injury or illness (organic amnesia).
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38What is "retrograde amnesia"?
- AThe loss of memories from before the accident or illness.
- BThe failure to retain new memories from after the accident or injury.
39What is "Anterograde amnesia"?
- AThe failure to retain new memories from after the accident or injury.
- BThe loss of memories from before the accident or illness.
40What kind of 'abilities' did "E.P.", an ill individual who was being studied and helped by psychologists, possess in terms of memory?
- AProblem-solving skills.
- BShort-term memory.
- CLong-term memory prior to illness.
- DImplicit long-term memory for information encountered after illness.
- EExplicit long-term memory for information encountered after illness.
- FLong-term memory after illness.
41Which of the following is true of "anterograde amnesia"?
- ADo not make explicit memories.
- BImplicit memory may still be intact.
- CMake explicit memories.
- DDo not make implicit memories.
42While much of the brain is likely involved in making memories, the "Hippocampus" likely plays a large role in forming and storing new memories. It is however extremely easy to damage the hippocampus, the implicit memories being lost forever with the damage.
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43What is the weak version of the "linguistic relativity hypothesis"?
- AThe language that you speak influences how you think.
- BThe language that you speak determines how you think.
44What is the strong version of the "linguistic relativity hypothesis"?
- AThe language that you speak determines how you think.
- BThe language that you speak influences how you think.
45Which of the following are arguments belonging to the "weak linguistic relativity hypothesis"?
- AThe language you speak can influence your early competence in math (English vs. Chinese).
- BThe language you speak can influence the capacity of short-term memory (English vs. Arabic).
- CThe words that are used to describe something can influence your memory of it.
- DThe language you speak changes who you are as a person.
- EThe words that are used to describe yourself (i.e. adjectives) influence your personality.
46The "weak linguistic relativity hypothesis" believes that in a totalitarian regime language is changed to make talking about revolution impossible. The idea is, if the population cannot talk about revolution then they cannot think about revolution.
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Información
- Descripción
- Psychology Test sobre Intro to Psychology Review, creado por Bran J el 11/12/2019.
- Autor
- Bran J
- Idioma
- English
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