Test
IBS Set 2 Quiz - Cell proliferation and Fluid compartments
Preguntas del test (49)
1G1 describes what stage of the cell cycle?
- APreparation for DNA synthesis
- BDNA synthesis
- CProofreading of DNA synthesis
- DMitosis
2S phase describes what stage of the cell cycle?
- APreparation for DNA synthesis
- BDNA synthesis
- CProofreading of DNA synthesis
- DMitosis
3G2 describes what stage of the cell cycle?
- APreparation for DNA synthesis
- BDNA synthesis
- CProofreading of DNA synthesis
- DMitosis
4M phase describes what stage of the cell cycle?
- APreparation for DNA synthesis
- BDNA synthesis
- CProofreading of DNA synthesis
- DMitosis
5What is mitotic spindle composed of?
- AMicrotubules
- BMTAP's
- CIntermediate filaments
- DActin filaments
- ECentrioles
6When does chromosome packaging occur?
- AIn S phase after DNA replication
- BAfter S phase
- CIn M phase
- DIn G1
7There are many histone genes that can make lots of histones to match the production of DNA during S phase.
- AVerdadero
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8What is the process of mitosis?
- AProphase (microtubules disassemble and reassociate at centrioles) -> Metaphase (nuclear envelope breaks down and kinetochores develop and spindle fibres attach to them) -> Anaphase (chromosomes seperate and chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell) -> Telophase (new nuclear envelope forms, condensed chromatin expands and nucleoli reappear).
- BMetaphase (nuclear envelope breaks down and kinetochores develop and spindle fibres attach to them) -> Prophase (microtubules disassemble and reassociate at centrioles) -> Anaphase (chromosomes seperate and chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell) -> Telophase (new nuclear envelope forms, condensed chromatin expands and nucleoli reappear).
9SPACER - CELL PROLIF 1,2,3 CONTINUE AFTER FLUID COMPARTMENTS
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10What are the three main fluid compartments in the body?
- AInterstitial fluid
- BBlood plasma
- CIntracellular fluid
- DIntercellular fluid
- ERed blood cells
11[K+] in interstitial fluid > [K+] in the intracellular fluid
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12Osmolarity takes into the concentration of what two types of solutes?
- ANon-permeable
- BPermeable
- CIonising
- DSuspending
13In normal conditions the ICF and ECF tend to be in equilibrium at an osmolarity of around ~289mOsmol/L
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14A 300Mm solution of glucose = A 300Mm solution of NaCl
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15If there is not osmotic balance, how can the cell try to bring back balance?
- ASelective opening and closing of ion channels
- BOpening all the ion channels
- CPumping water out via active transport pumps
16Tonicity only considers which type of solute?
- ANon-permeable
- BPermeable
- CIonising
- DSuspending
17The osmotic pressure is dependent on the total concentration of all solutes.
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18The osmotic pressure is the pressure applied to prevent inward flow of water across a semi-permeable membrane.
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19With osmolarity problems, the permeable solute will move to concentrations of lower permeable solute. With tonicity problems, water will move to the area with the highest concentration of non-permeable solute.
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20A small change in the concentration of organic ions creates a small potential difference across the membrane.
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21If K+ leaves the cell, the negative charge created in the cell will attract the positive K+ back into the cell and therefore there is typically no net movement of ions.
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22Why is Goldmann's equation more useful than Nernst's?
- AGoldmann's equation takes into account all of the organic ions that are involved in the resting membrane potential and also their permeabilities whereas Nernst's only takes into account one type of ion and not the permeability.
- BNernst's equation takes into account all of the organic ions that are involved in the resting membrane potential and also their permeabilities whereas Goldmann's only takes into account one type of ion and not the permeability.
23Ions with a greater concentration outside of the cell always have a negative equilibrium potential.
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24Ions with a greater concentration inside the cell always have a negative equilibrium potential.
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25The RMP of a cell is closest to potassium because potassium is the most permeable ion. RMP is determined by the membranes high permeability to potassium.
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26Necrosis damages surrounding cells because of hydrolytic enzyme release from what organelle?
- ALysosomes
- BPeroxisomes
- CMitochondria
- DGolgi apparatus
27Apoptosis is...?
- AControlled cell death
- BUncontrolled cell death
28What is happening in the first stage of apoptosis?
- AThe cell shrivels
- BThe nucleus fragments
- CThe plasma membrane breaks down
- DCytochrome C is released from the mitochondria
- EApoptotic bodies are produced and macrophages engulf them via phagocytosis
29What is happening in the second stage of apoptosis?
- AThe cell shrivels
- BThe nucleus fragments
- CThe plasma membrane breaks down
- DCytochrome C is released from the mitochondria
- EApoptotic bodies are produced and macrophages engulf them via phagocytosis
30What is happening in the third stage of apoptosis?
- AThe cell shrivels
- BThe nucleus fragments
- CThe plasma membrane breaks down
- DCytochrome C is released from the mitochondria
- EApoptotic bodies are produced and macrophages engulf them via phagocytosis
31The ECM are basement membrane are needed for development of cells. Without these factors, the cell has a disorganised structure.
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32Why do burns victims not have a good prognosis?
- AThe basement membrane is sometimes destroyed which contains stem cells. Absence of these stem cells means that cell proliferation cannot take place and thus skin doesn't regrow.
- BThe cytoskeleton is sometimes destroyed which contains stem cells. Absence of these stem cells means that cell proliferation cannot take place and thus skin doesn't regrow.
- CThe granular layer of epidermis is sometimes destroyed which contains stem cells. Absence of these stem cells means that cell proliferation cannot take place and thus skin doesn't regrow.
33Integrins are heterodimeric receptors that are bound to ECM trigger active intracellular responses that impact on cell proliferation / attachments.
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34Various cell factors may tell the cell to do which of the following things?
- AProliferate (Growth factors)
- BBecome dormant (Survival factors)
- CDifferentiate (Differentiation factors)
- DUndergo apoptosis (Death signal)
- ENecrotise (Necrotic factors)
- FExpand (Expansive factor)
35Mitogenic growth factors have effect from the start of G1 until which stage of the cell cycle?
- AS phase
- BG1
- CG2
- DM
- ER point - 3/4 through G1
36When growth factors bind to tyrosine kinase receptors, what happens intracellularly?
- ATyr residues are phosphorylated which generates internal effects
- BTyr residues are dephosphorylated which generates internal effects
37Phosphorylation of Tyr residues produces intracellular effects
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38Tyrosine phosphorylation is associated with cancer cell death.
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39Proteins recognise phosphorylated tyrosine domains. GDP is then substituted for GTP in RAS. Why is the hydrolysis of GTP important?
- AIt terminates cell proliferation signals which prevents excessive cell proliferation.
- BGTP hydrolysis occurs in cancer and leads to excessive cell proliferation.
40Without checkpoints that regulate the cell cycle, such as the role of TGF-b, loss of checkpoints occur and genomic instability and thus cell proliferation occurs.
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41Cyclin proteins increase the quantity of Cyclin dependent kinases.
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42Growth factors and Integrins result in Cyclin D production which helps to progress the cell through the cell cycle
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43pRb is the guardian of S phase.
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44The function of CDK inhibitors such as p21 is to inhibit the cell cycle and prevent excessive cell proliferation (e.g. if damaged DNA is detected).
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45If a CDK inhibitor is translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, its inhibitory effect is stopped.
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46What are triggers for apoptosis to occur?
- ABreakages in DNA strands
- BHypoxia
- CUnregulated growth factor signals
- DHypercapnia
- EHyperkalaemia
47Which protein receives information about metabolic disorders and genetic damage within the cell and initiates repair (minor) or apoptosis (major)?
- AP53
- BpRb
- CP21
48The intrinsic pathway that initiates apoptosis involves what signal that causes release of cytochrome c?
- AMOMP
- BMTAP
- CHAMP
- DIBAT
49BCL-2 can keep Cytochrome C trapped in the mitochondria; prevent apoptosis.
- AVerdadero
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