Test
Chapter 6
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Preguntas del test (110)
1Piaget was trained as a
- Apsychologist.
- Bmedical doctor.
- Cbiologist
- Dneurologist
2 Piaget's primary approach to investigating the origins of knowledge involved
- Adebate
- Bintrospection
- Cexperiments with children.
- Ddiscussion with other scientists.
3According to Piaget
- Achildren will not be curious unless parents provide a stimulating environment.
- Bchildren create theories about how the world works.
- Cchildren are capable of abstract thought from the time they are born.
- Dchildren's thinking is very similar to adults' thinking.
4Piaget thought children were like
- Alittle scientists.
- Bminiature adults.
- Cblank slates.
- Dcomputers.
5Emerson is an 8-month-old who has learned quite enthusiastically to say "doggy!" whenever she sees her aunt's dog. When Emerson's mother takes her to the zoo, she yells, "doggy!" when she sees a bear. This is an example of
- Aaccommodation
- Bassimilation
- Cdisequilibrium
- Dreinforcement
6According to Piaget, more advanced mental structures would not develop without
- Areinforcement
- Bshort-term storage space
- Cimitation.
- Ddisequilibrium
7Who is experiencing disequilibrium?
- ABecky, who is doing much more accommodating than assimilating
- BSandy, who is doing more assimilating than accommodating
- CJane, who is doing equal amounts of assimilating and accommodating
- DCarla, who is not doing any assimilating or accommodating
8Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's stages?
- Asensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational, and formal operational
- Bsensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
- Csensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, and concrete operational
- Dthe order varies from individual to individual
9 Each new stage of cognitive development
- Ais fundamentally the same as the previous stage.
- Bis marked by a distinctive way of thinking about and understanding the world.
- Coccurs every two years during childhood.
- Dcan be skipped by children who are smarter than their peers.
10According to Piaget, preschoolers are in the ________ period of cognitive development.
- Apreoperational
- Bconcrete operational
- Csensorimotor
- Dformal operational
11According to Piaget, a seven to 11-year-old child is in the ________ period
- Apreoperational
- Bconservational
- Cformal operational
- Dconcrete operational
12Which of the following would violate the principles of Piaget's theory?
- Aif identical twins reached the preoperational stage at different times
- Bif more intelligent children went through the stages faster than less intelligent children
- Cif a gifted child skipped the concrete operational stage and went directly to the formal operational stage
- Dif a child went through a revolutionary change of thought at two years of age
13Moses knows that even though he cannot see his favourite blanket, it still exists. Moses understands the concept of
- Aassimilation
- Baccommodation
- Cobject permanence.
- Dequilibrium
14According to Piaget, infants do not have a full understanding of object permanence until
- A1 month of age.
- B6 months of age.
- C12 months of age.
- D18 months of age.
15According to Piaget, most infants begin to use symbols at about
- Abirth to 1 month.
- B4 months.
- C8 months.
- D18 months.
16Which of the following abilities marks the end of the sensorimotor period?
- Athe ability to use mental symbols
- Bwalking
- Ctalking
- Dthe decline of egocentrism
17When infants begin using ________, they are then able to mentally anticipate consequences rather than having to perform them.
- Aobject permanence
- Breflexes
- Cmeans to achieve ends
- Dsymbols
18Which infant is using mental symbols?
- AEric, who is kicking his leg over and over
- BDan, who is squeezing different toys to see if they squeak
- CRoger, who is climbing up on a chair to reach a toy on a shelf
- DPeter, who is saying "Vrrrrroooommm!" and moving his hand like a car
19 If an 8- to 12-month-old child watches while a toy that has been hidden in one location is then hidden in a new location, most
- Acannot find the toy.
- Bcannot decide whether to look for the toy in the old or the new location.
- Clook for the toy in the old location, indicating that they do not understand that objects exist independently.
- Dlook for the toy in the new location, indicating that they understand that objects exist independently.
20Piaget's ________ stage is characterized by the child's use of symbols to represent objects and events.
- Aformal operational
- Bsensorimotor
- Cconcrete operational
- Dpreoperational
21The inability of the young child to grasp the fact that his or her view of the world, both literally and figuratively, may be but one of many is known as
- Aanimism
- Bconservation
- Cegocentrism
- Dintellectual realism.
22When preoperational children are asked to identify different perspectives of model mountains on a table, which of the following characteristics of preoperational thought do they demonstrate?
- Aegocentrism
- Banimism
- Ccentration
- Dintellectual realism
23 ________ would best explain why Joey thinks that when he sees Winnie the Pooh on TV and shows him a picture that Winnie the Pooh can see the picture just like he can.
- ACentration
- BAnimism
- CAppearance as reality
- DEgocentrism
24Centration is characterized by
- Adifficulty in seeing the world from another's outlook.
- Bcrediting inanimate objects with real-life properties.
- Cbelieving an object's appearance tells what the object is really like.
- Dfocusing on one aspect of a problem while ignoring other relevant aspects of the problem.
25Piaget used ________ experiments to see whether children realized that characteristics of objects remained the same despite changes in physical appearance.
- Acircular reaction
- Bconservation
- Cdeductive reasoning
- Dequilibration
26In a conservation of liquid experiment, Victoria is shown two identical beakers filled with the same amount of juice. The juice from one of the beakers is poured into a taller, thinner beaker. Victoria now thinks there is more juice in the tall, thin beaker than in the original beaker. Victoria appears to be in Piaget's ________ stage of cognitive development.
- Apreoperational
- Bconcrete operational
- Csensorimotor
- Dformal operational
27Preoperational children's incorrect responses on conservation tasks are best explained by the ________ which is characteristic of their thought.
- Aegocentrism
- Bdeductive reasoning
- Ccentration
- Danimism
28According to Piaget, the concrete operational child
- Acannot reverse mental operations.
- Bcannot solve conservation tasks.
- Cthinks in a way that is limited to the tangible and real.
- Ddoesn't know that appearances can be deceiving.
29During Piaget's ________ stage, children begin using mental operations to solve problems.
- Aformal operational
- Bconcrete operational
- Csensorimotor
- Dpreoperational
30________ are strategies and rules that make thinking more systematic and more powerful.
- ACircular reactions
- BSymbolic processes
- CMental operations
- DScaffolds
31Which characteristic of the concrete operational child's thinking allows him or her to solve Piaget's conservation problem?
- Areversible mental operations
- Bhypothetical thinking
- Cegocentrism
- Danimism
32 ________ thought is rule-oriented and logical but limited to the tangible and real.
- ASensorimotor
- BFormal operational
- CPreoperational
- DConcrete operational
33During Piaget's ________ stage, individuals become capable of abstract, hypothetical thought and deductive reasoning.
- Aconcrete operational
- Bformal operational
- Cpreoperational
- Dsensorimotor
34Who is likely to be able to answer a hypothetical question such as, "What would happen if no one had to work anymore?"
- Apreoperational thinkers only
- Bformal operational thinkers only
- Cconcrete operational thinkers only
- Dconcrete operational and formal operational thinkers
35The formal operational child approaches problems by
- Aforming hypotheses and systematically evaluating all possibilities.
- Btrial-and-error.
- Crelying on past experience.
- Dusing centration.
36When formal operational thinkers are faced with a problem such as figuring out what combination of clear liquids will produce a blue liquid, they will
- Ahaphazardly mix liquids to find the correct combination.
- Bbecome confused and irritated.
- Csystematically test hypotheses about different combinations of liquids.
- Dconcentrate on trying to pour the liquids without spilling them.
37When concrete operational and formal operational thinkers are asked to combine a number of clear liquids to produce a blue liquid
- Aneither the concrete operational child nor the formal operational adolescent test the combinations of liquids in a systematic manner.
- Bonly the concrete operational child tests the combinations of liquids in a systematic manner.
- Conly the formal operational child tests the combinations of liquids in a systematic manner.
- Dboth the concrete operational child and the formal operational adolescent test the combinations of liquids in a systematic manner.
38Which of the following is characteristic of formal operational thought?
- Aanimism
- Bcentration
- Cdeductive reasoning
- Dreasoning that is limited to the tangible and real
39Consider the following:
Premise 1: If an animal barks, it is a dog.
Premise 2: A snail barks.
The concrete operational child would fail to draw the conclusion that "a snail is a dog" because his or her conclusions are based on- Atertiary circular reactions.
- Bexperience
- Cdeductive reasoning.
- Degocentrism
40In contrast to concrete operational thinkers, formal operational thinkers
- Acan reach counterfactual conclusions.
- Bcan use mental operations.
- Cdo not confuse appearances with reality.
- Dare not centred in their thinking.
41Which of the following is NOT characteristic of formal operational thinking?
- Aabstract thinking
- Bhypothetical reasoning
- Cdeductive reasoning
- Dcentration
42 According to Piaget, cognitive development is complete when the ________ period is reached.
- Aconcrete operational
- Bpreoperational
- Cformal operational
- Dsensorimotor
43Piaget's theory
- Astimulated research in the area of cognitive development.
- Bviewed children as playing a passive role in their development.
- Cdoes not provide useful ideas for fostering children's development.
- Dhas not had a lasting impact on the field of child development research.
44The view of children as active participants in their own development who systematically create ever more sophisticated understandings of their worlds is referred to as
- Athe zone of proximal development.
- Bthe core knowledge hypothesis.
- Cconstructivism.
- Dthe theory of mind.
45Teaching suggestions based on Piaget's theory include
- Ateaching at a level slightly ahead of children's current level of thinking.
- Busing lectures to tell children how the world works.
- Cnot allowing children to see their mistakes.
- Dusing flashcards to drill facts.
46Which of the following is an implication of Piaget's theory for teaching practices?
- ATeachers should tell children facts that they can absorb passively.
- BChildren should be encouraged to look at the consistency of their own thinking and to sort out any inconsistencies
- CThe best teaching experiences are slightly behind a child's current level of thinking.
- DTeachers should construct a child's understanding of the world.
47Piaget's view of cognitive development had many implications for teaching practices. One of these important implications is that in order to facilitate student learning, teachers should
- Aignore children's readiness to learn—teachers always know when children are ready.
- Bnot let children discover inconsistencies as it leads to problems with self-esteem.
- Crecognize individual differences in children when teaching.
- Ddirect children's learning.
48The best way to summarize research that has examined alternative explanations of children's performance on Piagetian tasks would be to say that
- Ain almost every instance, Piaget's explanation is strongly supported.
- Bin many instances, children's performance is better explained using concepts that are not part of Piaget's theory.
- CPiaget's description of object permanence must be revised, but his accounts of conservation are strongly supported.
- Dwhen Piaget's tasks are modified, they are usually not solved until children are older than the ages predicted by Piaget's theory.
49When children and adolescents are tested on a number of tasks that have the same underlying structure
- Aas predicted by Piaget's theory, children's performance is quite consistent across the different tasks.
- Bas predicted by Piaget's theory, children's performance is inconsistent across the different tasks.
- Cin contrast to Piaget's theory, children's performance is quite consistent across the different tasks.
- Din contrast to Piaget's theory, children's performance is inconsistent across the different tasks.
50According to Piaget, each stage of cognitive development involves consistent thought across different tasks. Recent research has found
- Avery consistent performance across tasks as Piaget would predict.
- Bvery consistent performance across tasks only in concrete operational children.
- Cinconsistent performance across tasks only in formal operational adolescents
- Dinconsistent performance across tasks contrary to Piaget's predictions
51Which perspective states that children are products of their culture?
- AThe sociocultural perspective
- BThe biological perspective
- CThe Piagetian perspective
- DThe humanistic perspective
52Johan is learning how to re-string a guitar from watching his grandfather who owns a music store. This is an example of
- Aguided participation.
- Bcentration
- Cegocentrism
- Dconstructivism
53The zone of proximal development refers to
- Athe highest level of achievement a child can reach by himself.
- Bthe difference between what a child can do with and without help.
- Ca teaching style that matches the amount of assistance to the learner's need.
- Dcomments not intended for others but intended to help children regulate their own behaviour.
54________ refers to a teaching style that matches the amount of assistance to the learner's needs.
- AThe zone of proximal development
- BPrivate speech
- CScaffolding
- DHypothetical reasoning
55 According to Vygotsky, development is optimal when
- Athe child learns independently.
- Ba child is guided by someone with more skill.
- Csomeone with more skill does NOT interfere by trying to structure a task for the child.
- Dthe amount of assistance given exceeds the amount that the child needs.
56It is winter and Angelo, who is two years old, needs to get dressed to play outside. Instead of putting his jacket on for him and doing it up, she tells him to put his jacket on himself and only helps him by getting the zipper started. He knows that he must do the rest. As the winter goes on, he learns how to do everything on his own. This is an example of
- Ascaffolding
- Bthe zone of proximal development.
- Cegocentrism
- Dintersubjectivity
57Cross-cultural research by Rogoff et al. (1993) investigated scaffold learning in four different cultures. Which parents provided the most scaffolding?
- ATurkish parents
- BUS parents
- CIndian parents
- DGuatemalan parents
58Private speech
- Aeventually becomes inner speech.
- Binvolves talking aloud to others.
- Cis more likely to occur while performing easy tasks than difficult tasks.
- Doccurs before children's behaviour is regulated by speech from other people.
59The concepts of scaffolding, private speech, and the zone of proximal development are most closely associated with
- APiaget
- BVygotsky
- Cneo-Piagetian theories.
- Dthe theory of mind.
60The computer is used as a metaphor for the mind in which theory?
- Alearning theory
- Binformation processing theory
- Cpsychodynamic theory
- DPiaget's theory
61Information-processing theorists use a ________ as a model for human cognition.
- Ablack box
- Bmicrosystem
- Ccomputer
- Dmacrosystem
62 In information-processing theory, mental hardware includes
- Acognitive processes.
- Bdifferent types of memory.
- Cschemas.
- Doperant conditioning.
63Which is the site of ongoing cognitive activity when it comes to memory?
- Asensory memory
- Bworking memory
- Cthe central executive
- Dlong-term memory
64Cognitive processes are compared to computer ________ by information-processing theorists.
- Amemory
- Bdisk drives
- Chardware
- Dsoftware
65According to information-processing theory, the central executive is like the computer's
- Ahard drive.
- BRAM
- Coperating system.
- Dkeyboard
66The information-processing approach
- Ais based on Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
- Bstates that human thinking is based on mental hardware and mental software.
- Cproposes that there are four stages of cognitive development.
- Dis no longer a widely used theory of cognitive development.
67Information-processing theorists refer to sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory as mental
- Asoftware
- Bhardware
- Cstrategies
- Doperations
68Which of the following is NOT one of the components of mental hardware?
- Amental processes
- Bsensory memory
- Clong-term memory
- Dworking memory
69Sensory memory
- Aholds raw, unanalyzed information.
- Bis limitless and permanent.
- Cpasses information to long-term memory.
- Dholds information for many days.
70You clench your fist, rapidly open your hand, then rapidly re-clench your fist. After you re-clench your fist, you momentarily see an image of your fingers extended. That image is stored in
- Aworking memory.
- Blong-term memory.
- Csensory memory.
- Dthe information processor.
71Working memory
- Aholds visual images for a few seconds.
- Bis a limitless, permanent storehouse of knowledge.
- Cis like a computer's hard drive.
- Dis the site of ongoing cognitive activity.
72As you read and think about this test question, it is stored in
- Along-term memory.
- Bworking memory.
- Csensory memory.
- Dthe information processor.
73Which is most like a computer's RAM (Random Access Memory)?
- Aa memory strategy
- Blong-term memory
- Csensory memory
- Dworking memory
74Long-term memory
- Ais a permanent storehouse of information.
- Bis like a computer's random-access memory (RAM).
- Cholds raw, unanalyzed information.
- Dis the site of ongoing cognitive activity.
75Before you read this question, the name of the Prime Minister of Canada was most likely stored in your
- Ainformation processor.
- Bsensory memory.
- Clong-term memory.
- Dworking memory.
76The limitless, permanent storehouse of knowledge of the world is called
- Along-term memory.
- Bsensory memory.
- Cworking memory.
- Dthe information processor.
77 According to information-processing theorists, mental software consists of
- Abuilt-in mental and neural structures.
- Bsensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
- Ca limitless, permanent storehouse of knowledge.
- Dspecialized strategies that are the basis for performing particular tasks.
78Which of the following is NOT true of working memory?
- AIt stores information
- BIt is a permanent storehouse.
- CIt holds "software" and "data."
- DIt is analogous to computer RAM.
79You have been studying vocabulary words for your upcoming French test. What component of cognition is responsible for moving the words from working memory into long-term memory?
- Athe central executive
- Bsensory memory
- Cinhibitory processes
- Dautomatic processes
80Information-processing theorists believe that developmental change occurs
- Aas a result of equilibration.
- Bin several different forms, rather than by a single mechanism.
- Cwhen mental structures are massively reorganized.
- Din a social context.
81How is the cognitive functioning of Rachel, an eight-year-old, likely to compare with Bethany, a 16-year-old?
- ARachel will use less efficient strategies.
- BRachel and Bethany will have the same amount of working memory.
- CRachel will use more automatic processes.
- DBethany will process information more slowly.
82Compared to an older child, a younger child is likely to use problem-solving strategies that are
- Afaster
- Bless efficient.
- Cmore accurate.
- Deasier
83How do children learn more effective problem-solving strategies?
- AParents and teachers show children more effective strategies.
- BChildren learn strategies by watching more skilled children.
- CChildren learn new strategies on their own.
- DChildren learn new strategies by instruction from others, observation of others, and self-discovery.
84Compared to younger children, older children
- Ahave more working memory.
- Bhave less working memory.
- Chave the same amount of working memory.
- Duse working memory space less efficiently.
85Inhibitory processes
- Aprevent task-irrelevant information from entering working memory.
- Bdecrease steadily during childhood.
- Cincrease the number of disruptions from irrelevant information.
- Dbring the mental tools to mind that are needed for a current task.
86________ prevent(s) task-irrelevant information from entering working memory.
- AAutomatic processes
- BInhibitory processes
- CInfantile amnesia
- DMental hardware
87Cognitive activities that require very little effort are referred to as
- Aworking memory.
- Bmental hardware.
- Cmental software.
- Dautomatic processes.
88When Cookie first started golfing, she had to think about every part of her swing. Now that she's been golfing for years, she swings her club without even thinking about it. For Cookie, swinging a golf club has become
- Aan automatic process.
- Ba sensory memory.
- Ca complex task.
- Da working memory.
89Skills that are automatic require
- Aless long-term memory.
- Bmore sensory memory.
- Cless working memory.
- Dmore working memory.
90Information-processing theorists believe one reason older children outperform younger children cognitively is that older children
- Aare less likely to use strategies.
- Bcan process information more slowly.
- Chave fewer automatic processes.
- Duse less working memory.
91According to an information-processing theorist, which of the following is an explanation for cognitive development?
- AAs children develop, their strategy use becomes slower and less accurate.
- BAs children develop, speed of processing slows down.
- CAs children grow, more cognitive activities become automatic.
- DAs children grow, the capacity of working memory decreases.
92Compared to adults, when children perform complex tasks they
- Ause less working memory.
- Bare likely to perform fewer processes automatically.
- Care unlikely to exceed the capacity of their working memory.
- Duse more sensory memory.
93As children get older, their speed of processing
- Aspeeds up.
- Bslows down.
- Ccycles up and down.
- Ddoes not change.
94Compared to Piaget's theory, information-processing theory
- Aputs more emphasis on qualitative changes in thought.
- Bis more unified into a single comprehensive theory.
- Cemphasizes the "whole" more than the "parts" of cognition.
- Ddescribes the specific components of cognition in greater detail.
95Professor Garrett tells his class, "Children's cognition develops continuously and gradually. There are no abrupt changes in thought. There are no distinct stages of cognitive development." Professor Garrett sounds most like
- Aan information-processing theorist.
- BPiaget.
- CKohlberg
- Da psychodynamic theorist.
96________ propose(s) distinctive domains of knowledge, some of which are acquired very early in life
- AInformation processing theory
- BCore-knowledge theories
- CCognitive-developmental theory
- DSociocultural theory
97Core knowledge views cognitive development as an innate capability to easily acquire knowledge in specialized domains of evolutionary importance such as
- Alanguage.
- Bknowledge of objects.
- Cunderstanding people.
- Dall of these answers.
98Renee Baillargeon studied object permanence by showing infants possible events and impossible events. In the possible event, a screen rotated until it made contact with a box, at which point it began rotating backwards. In the impossible event, when the rotating screen reached the box, it continued to rotate, the box appeared to disappear, and the box reappeared after the screen rotated past it. She found that 4 ½-month-old infants looked
- Alonger at the impossible event than the possible event, suggesting they understood object permanence
- Blonger at the possible event than the impossible event, suggesting they understood object permanence.
- Cat both events equally, suggesting they understood object permanence.
- Dat both events equally, suggesting they did not understand the concept of object permanence.
99 Baillargeon's studies of object permanence using possible events and impossible events suggest that the concept of object permanence is
- Aacquired earlier than Piaget believed.
- Bacquired at the same age as suggested by Piaget.
- Cacquired later than Piaget suggested.
- Dnot really understood by infants of any age.
100Infants' naïve theory of physics leads them to believe that
- Agravity is not important so floating objects are not unusual.
- Bone object striking a second object does not affect the second object.
- Cobjects cannot move through other objects.
- Dobjects move along disconnected, discontinuous paths.
101Which of the following is TRUE concerning infants' naïve theories of physics?
- AInfants do not appear surprised when a tall object is completely hidden when placed behind a shorter object.
- BInfants expect unsupported objects to fall.
- CInfants assume that objects move in discontinuous, disconnected paths.
- DInfants believe that objects are able to move through other objects.
102Juliann is four. If she is like most four-year-olds, her naïve theory of biology will include the belief that
- Aanimals can move by themselves but inanimate objects can only be moved by other people or objects.
- Bboth animals and inanimate objects grow bigger and physically more complex.
- Cthe insides of both animate and inanimate objects contain the same kinds of materials.
- Dwhen inanimate objects get damaged, they will heal by themselves, but when animate things are injured they must be fixed by humans.
103 Many four-year-olds believe that
- Ainanimate objects move by themselves.
- Bonly living things have offspring that resemble their parents.
- Cinanimate objects can grow.
- Dthe internal parts of animate and inanimate objects are the same.
104Little Max tells his mother that fish have smooth skin so that they won't cut other fish that swim alongside them. Like other children, he believes that living things and parts of living things exist for a purpose. What does this best relate to?
- ATeleological explanations
- BZone of proximal development
- CInformation-processing
- DObject permanence
105Sophie is four years old. She will
- Anot understand that permanent illnesses such as colour blindness are more likely to be inherited from parents.
- Bunderstand that when injured, animate things heal by regrowth, whereas inanimate things must be fixed by humans.
- Cnot yet realize that only living things have offspring that resemble their parents.
- Dbelieve that her teddy has blood and bones just like she does.
106Who is more likely to have a well-defined idea about what is the essence of any creature?
- ASusan, a child from Sydney, Australia.
- BO ke mo kiew, a child from the Menominee tribe in Wisconsin
- CJulian, a child from Ontario, Canada.
- DPierre, a child from Paris, France.
107A person's beliefs about connections between thoughts, beliefs, and behaviour are central to
- APiaget's theory.
- Bthe theory of mind.
- Cinformation processing theories.
- DVygotsky's theory.
108 According to theory of mind, at three years of age children do not
- Aunderstand that they and other people have desires.
- Bunderstand that desires can cause behaviour.
- Cemphasize desires when trying to explain other people's behaviour.
- Dunderstand that other people's behaviour is based on beliefs.
109Four-year-old Ashton and three-year-old William are each given a false belief task. They have accurate information about where a toy is (they know it is in a toy box), but a girl in a story does not (she thinks the toy is under a bed). Chances are that if they are both asked where the girl in the story will look for the toy
- Athey will both say the girl will look in the toy box.
- Bthey will both say the girl will look under the bed.
- CAshton will say the girl will look in the toy box, but William will say she will look under the bed.
- DAshton will say the girl will look under the bed, but William will say she will look in the toy box.
110 A developmental psychologist is most likely to use a false belief task to study
- Atheory of mind.
- Begocentrism.
- Canimism
- Dattention
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- Psychology Test sobre Chapter 6, creado por Lauren Shapiro el 11/03/2022.
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