Test
Human Development and Learning
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Preguntas del test (76)
1What theorist designed the Reciprocal Determinism/Causation model?
- AB. F. Skinner
- BAlbert Bandura
- CJean Piaget
- DLev Vygotsky
2What are the factors that make up Bandura's Reciprocal Determinism/Causation model?
- ASelf, Behaviour, and Environment
- BFriends, Family, and Self
- CAttention, Retention, Reproduction, and Motivation
- DEnvironment, Age, and Relationships
3Check the four key developmental issues in theories of human development.
- AActivity vs Passivity
- BEnvironment vs Self
- CUniversality vs Context-Specificity
- DNature vs Nurture
- ECognition vs Environment
- FIdentity vs Societal Constructs
- GContinuity vs Discontinuity
4The Schema Theory was developed by Lev Vygotsky.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
5What metaphorical object can be used to help remember and explain how Piaget's Schema Theory works?
- AAn empty box
- BA car engine
- CA hot air balloon
- DA filing cabinet
6In order from infancy to maturity, what are Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?
Stage 1: [blank_start]Sensorimotor[blank_end] (birth - 2 years old)
Stage 2: [blank_start]Pre-Operational[blank_end] (2 - 7 years old)
Stage 3: [blank_start]Concrete Operational[blank_end] (7 - 11 years old)
Stage 4: [blank_start]Formal Operational[blank_end] (adolescence to adulthood)- ASensorimotor
- BPre-Operational
- CConcrete Operational
- DFormal Operational
7Sir Frederic Bartlett continued Piaget's studies into the Schema Theory through an experiment that introduced people of Western culture to a Native American folk tale. The tale was different to many stories that the audience had heard before. In this story a man's face contorts at the result of an encounter with supernatural beings. The people undertaking the experiment were then asked at different intervals in time, ranging from immediately after reading it to a year later, to draw a diagram of what the face looked like (being mindful of the context and language used in the story). Bartlett had found that:
- AThe people's diagrams gradually changed over time to reflect the aspects of the story that made the most sense to them.
- BAll of the above.
- COnly using the main points of the story made it more memorable to the reader, as finer details of the story were forgotten over time.
- DPeople have Schemas that represent their knowledge about the world.
- EThrough Schema, a persons prior knowledge will influence their new knowledge.
8In Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory there are three elements that make up a person's cognition. Match each of these with the descriptions provided.
[blank_start]The Id[blank_end]: The instinctive, selfish and impulsive thought which is the first stage of thought in an infant. It is linked to an individual's basic needs.
[blank_start]The Ego[blank_end]: The rational part of expressing instincts. This stage builds upon the Id and gives an individual some agency in their actions and fulfilment of needs.
[blank_start]The Superego[blank_end]: Internalised moral standards.- AThe Id
- BThe Superego
- CThe Ego
- DThe Ego
- EThe Superego
- FThe Id
- GThe Superego
- HThe Id
- IThe Ego
9Who's work did Erik Erikson build upon in his own research and theories?
- ABandura
- BSkinner
- CFreud
- DVygotsky
10Organise each of Erikson's Psychosocial stages to match each age range.
Birth - 1 year old: [blank_start]Trust vs Mistrust[blank_end]
1 - 3 years old: [blank_start]Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt[blank_end]
3 - 6 years old: [blank_start]Initiative vs Guilt[blank_end]
6 - 12 years old: [blank_start]Industry vs Inferiority[blank_end]
12 - 20 years old: [blank_start]Identity vs Role Confusion[blank_end]
20 - 40 years old: [blank_start]Intimacy vs Isolation[blank_end]
40 - 65 years old: [blank_start]Generativity vs Stagnation[blank_end]
65 years and older: [blank_start]Integrity vs Despair[blank_end]- ATrust vs Mistrust
- BAutonomy vs Shame and Doubt
- CInitiative vs Guilt
- DIndustry vs Inferiority
- EIdentity vs Role Confusion
- FIntimacy vs Isolation
- GGenerativity vs Stagnation
- HIntegrity vs Despair
11Freud and Erikson describe human development through their Psychoanalytic and Psychosocial theories, exploring especially the details of how this development originates.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
12Which of these theorists studied Conditioning?
- ASkinner, Watson and Pavlov
- BSkinner, Vygotsky and Bruner
- CPiaget and Vygotsky
- DPavlov, Freud and Bandura
13Which of the following clearly illustrates Piaget's concept of assimilation?
- AFive-year-old Harvey draws on the chalkboard with a large white crayon instead of with chalk.
- BEight-year-old Rowena develops the necessary eye-hand coordination for writing letters in cursive.
- CEleven-year-old Mary Lou moves to a different school and purchases new clothes to fit the local fashions.
- DA language arts teacher asks 13-year-old Reynold to think about the possible adjectives other than 'awesome' that he might use in his writing to describe interesting and enjoyable activities.
14Which one of the following best illustrates Piaget's concept of accommodation?
- AAfter Amanda solves a set of 10 addition problems carelessly and incorrectly, she is given 10 more problems to solve.
- BBetsy writes down her definition of a mollusk - something she learned word for word from her textbook.
- CCarol copies what her teacher writes on the blackboard.
- DDonna revises her understanding of what clouds are like when she studies them in science.
15Which one of the following teachers is definitely keeping in mind Piaget's idea that assimilation and accommodation are both necessary for learning and cognitive development to occur?
- AMr. Baretta shows students how a new topic is similar to the things they already know, but also different in certain ways.
- BMr. Ames presents brand new topics every day, expecting the continual novelty to keep students interested and motivated.
- CMs. Chang makes sure that students have learned one topic very, very well before moving on to another
- DMs. Doherty uses a lot of drill and practice exercises, encouraging students to work faster every time.
16From Piaget's perspective, children are:
- AEager to interact with and make sense of their world
- BMost likely to learn things that bring about desirable consequences
- CMost likely to learn when parents and teachers entice them to do so
- DMore likely to develop cognitively in a formal school setting than at home
17Which statement best describes the idea that cognitive development involves a process of construction?
- AChildren must know simple things very well before they can begin to understand other, more complex things
- BChildren must learn ideas in a concrete form before learning them as abstractions
- CChildren pull together pieces of information about a topic to create their own understandings
- DChildren's thought processes become increasingly complex and sophisticated as they grow older
18In Piaget's theory, a schema can best be described as:
- AAn organised group of similar thoughts or actions
- BA set of motor skills that preschoolers develop
- CA lifestyle or family pattern
- DA mental picture of oneself
19Louis receives a new soccer ball and begins to dribble it in the same way he dribbles his basketball. His dribbling of the new ball reflects Piaget's concept of:
- AConcrete operations
- BAccommodation
- CEquilibrium
- DAssimilation
20Imagine that you are a third grade teacher. If you were to make predictions based on Piaget's stages of cognitive development, you would expect most or all of your students to exhibit _________ thinking.
- ASensorimotor
- BPreoperational
- Cformal operational
- Dconcrete operational
21Carl can correctly answer a question such as, 'If all flegs are blats, and if all blats are dulms, are all flegs also dulms?'. From Piaget's perspective, Carl is most likely in the ___________ stage of cognitive development.
- Asensorimotor
- Bpreoperational
- Cformal operational
- Dconcrete operational
22Central to Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development is the idea that children make sense of their world:
- AThrough the mental processes of assimilation and accommodation
- BBy repeatedly encountering both pleasant and unpleasant events in their daily lives
- CThrough their independent explorations of their physical and social environments
- DBy interacting with more experienced people who mediate their understandings
23Vygotsky proposed that thought and language are:
- AClosely connected at all stages of life
- BLargely independent at all stages of life
- CClosely connected early in life and become increasingly independent with age
- DLargely independent until the primary school years and closely connected thereafter
24Vygotsky's concept of the Zone of Proximal Development refers to:
- AChildren's ability to estimate how much they know
- BThe range of tasks children can perform by themselves
- CThe range of tasks children can accomplish only with support
- DThe degree of maturation necessary to accomplish complex physical tasks
25Which statement most accurately describes Lev Vygotsky's view of how cognitive development occurs?
- AChildren's cognitive growth is best judged on the basis of their actual development level, not on the basis of their level of potential development.
- BCognitive development progresses through four distinct stages; each stage is characterised by increasingly more complex thought and language.
- CChildren develop by working on challenging tasks with the assistance of more competent individuals.
- DLanguage and thought, although closely intertwined in the first few years of life, become increasingly distinct entities over time.
26If you were to criticise Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development in a way that contemporary theorists sometimes do, what would you be most likely to say?
- A'It's a bit vague in its explanations of how development occurs.'
- B'It ignores the effects that formal education has on cognitive development.'
- C'It disregards the important roles that peers play in children's development.'
- D'It places heavy emphasis on drill and practice as factors promoting development.'
27Which of the following pairs of concepts reflects the general idea that challenge is important for cognitive development?
- ADisequilibrium and ZPD
- BSelf-talk and inner speach
- CConservation and internalisation
- DWorking memory and central conceptual structure
28If we consider Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, then which issue would we expect high school students to be most concerned about?
- AWanting to form a close and intimate relationship with another human being
- BTrying to decide who they really are and what role they will play in adult society
- CNeeding to gain the recognition of parents and teachers through their academic activities and achievements
- DFinding a way to wiggle out of doing difficult tasks
29Which one best illustrates Erikson's stage of 'identity versus role confusion'?
- AArnold is always wishing things were different than they are
- BBeth can't keep a steady boyfriend
- CCraig is trying to decide what career he wants to persue
- DDawn underestimates her ability to learn mathematics
30Which one best describes attachment in the early years?
- AAn enduring emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver
- BA mother's innate tendency to protect her young offspring
- CA predisposition by infants to behave in certain ways and not in others
- DAn affectionate relationship between marital partners, thought by ethological theorists to be important for young children's emotional well-being
31Which scenario is most consistent with the 'Strange Situation'?
- AA mother and her young child enter a playroom, where the child encounters a variety of new toys and other objects. Some of the objects (e.g. a jack-in-the-box, a picture of a ferocious dinosaur) are intentionally scary and anxiety-arousing.
- BA mother and her young child come to a preschool class for the first time. The child's social behaviours are observed and recorded, with a particular focus on how often the child initiates interactions with unfamiliar peers.
- CA mother and her young child are in a playroom. Soon after, an unknown adult joins them, and then the Mum leaves the room for a few minutes. The child's behaviours are observed through a one-way mirror.
- DA baby lies in a specially designed infant seat where they see a variety of visual displays on a screen. By sucking on a plastic nipple, the infant can control which displays appear most frequently.
32While Mother fills out an application form at a new preschool, 18-month-old Colin happily explores a few toys nearby. When Mum momentarily steps out to use the washroom, Colin becomes upset, but he quickly calms down and smiles upon her return. Colin's behaviour is most consistent with a(n):
- ASecure attachement
- BInsecure-resistant attachment
- CInsecure-avoidant attachment
- DDisorganised and disorientated attachment
33Children are likely to form secure attachments to teachers when:
- AThey don't have secure attachments with their parents.
- BStudent and teacher are both emotionally invested in the relationship.
- CThey are approaching adolescence and need additional adult guidance.
- DThe teacher is female.
34Which one best illustrates self-efficacy rather than self-concept or self-esteem?
- AAnne is pretty sure she can win a spot on the school's dance squad if she practices her routine every day until the try-outs
- BBrandi thinks of herself as being more intelligent than most of her classmates
- CConnor has little faith in his academic abilities, and so he does whatever he can to avoid doing assigned classroom tasks
- DDarvin is convinced that no one likes him, even though most people do
35As children grow older, many of their neurons begin to transmit messages more rapidly than they did previously, thanks to:
- ASynaptic pruning
- BSynaptogenesis
- CMyelination
- DA rapid reduction in glial cells
36Three-month-old Amy can hold her head up in the arms of an adult, but she doesn't have much control of what her legs do. Which one best describes Amy's progression in muscular control?
- AIt shows a definite delay in fine motor skills
- BIt shows a cephalocaudal trend, which is typical
- CIt shows a proximodistal trend, which is not typical
- DIt suggests that Amy will probably be a good student but a poor athlete
37The 'false belief task' is used to assess:
- AThe difference between a sensorimotor and a pre-operational thinker
- BThe understanding that people may hold incorrect personal beliefs that influence their behaviours
- CA person's level of religiousity
- DHow a person would reason about a moral
38The emphasis in Erikson's stage theory is on:
- ABehaviours and their consequences
- BThe formation of a personal identity
- CThe development of moral values
- DThe process of acculturation in school settings
39The development of young people's self-concept evolves by means of:
- AGauging the verbal reactions of significant others
- BContrasting themselves with their peers
- CConstant self-evaluation in many different situations
- DDifferentiating between their skills and those of their peers
40Mr Lynch always uses his 'mean' face to stop undesirable behaviour in his first-period class. However, even though he looks at Steve with this mean face each time Steve talks out of turn, Steve is talking out of turn more and more frequently. For Steve, the mean face apparently a:
- ACue
- BPositive reinforcer
- CModel
- DNegative reinforcer
41Given current research findings, Piaget's theories seem to have ________ infant's cognitive abilities and ________ adolescent's cognitive abilities.
- Aunderestimated; overestimated
- Boverestimated; underestimated
- Caccurately assessed; overestimated
- Doverestimated; accurately assessed
42Compared to the behaviouristic orientation, the cognitive perspective recognises people as what type of learners?
- AEgocentric
- BPassive
- CSocial
- DActive
43Mr. Mac uses a token economy system in his history class. Whenever Jimmy breaks a rule, he loses a 'chip'. If the infraction is major, Jimmy loses several chips. This is an example of:
- ACueing
- BNegative punishment
- CPositive punishment
- DSatiation
44Which of the following best summarises the effects of parent-child attachments on later development?
- AInsecurely attached infants have lifelong emotional problems, even if the attachment style improves after infancy
- BA secure relationship with one's father cannot compensate for an insecure mother-child attachment relationship
- CA secure attachment may become insecure as a result of major stresses in the family, such as divorce or a mother returning to work
- DAn infant who is securely attached to its mother at age one appears to be invulnerable to later socio-emotional difficulties
45In which type of attachment does a child use a caregiver as a base, become somewhat upset when separated from the caregiver, and is fairly outgoing with a stranger if the caregiver is present?
- ASecure
- BDisorganised-disoriented
- CResistant
- DAvoidant
46Which of the following definitions best describes 'development' in the context of human development and learning?
Hint: it's in the Week 1 lecture.- AA process in which an individual grows in stages, both emotionally and cognitively, from infancy to adolescence.
- BThe continuous physical changes that an individual experiences throughout their lifetime, and how these physical can affect a person's mental and social wellbeing.
- CSystematic changes and continuities in an individual occurring between conception and death.
47What are the three domains of development?
- APhysical
- BBehavioural
- CPsychosocial
- DEnvironmental
- ESocietal
- FCognitive
- GSocial-Emotional
- HNature/Nurture
48Match the Key Developmental Stages with the age groups that define them:
Conception to birth: [blank_start]Prenatal Period[blank_end]
6 to 12 years old (until onset of puberty): [blank_start]Middle Childhood[blank_end]
65 years and older: [blank_start]Late Adulthood[blank_end]
Approximately 12 to 18/20 years old: [blank_start]Adolescence[blank_end]
40 to 65 years old: [blank_start]Middle Adulthood[blank_end]
The first 2 years of life (where the first month is neonatal): [blank_start]Infancy[blank_end]
2 to 5/6 years old: [blank_start]Early Childhood[blank_end]
20 to 40 years old: [blank_start]Early Adulthood[blank_end]- APrenatal Period
- BMiddle Childhood
- CLate Adulthood
- DAdolescence
- EMiddle Adulthood
- FInfancy
- GEarly Childhood
- HEarly Adulthood
49Match each of the following examples of Skinner's Operant Conditioning with their correct label of either reinforcement or punishment.
[blank_start]Positive Reinforcement[blank_end]: A child cleans their room, receives a hug from their parent for doing so, and as a result continues to clean their room in the future.
[blank_start]Negative Punishment[blank_end]: Bob returns his library book after the date that it was due, as a result he must now pay a $5 late fee to cover the time that the library has not had access the book.
[blank_start]Positive Punishment[blank_end]: A child throws a book across a classroom and as a result the teacher tells the student that they are to stay inside on detention after school hours.
[blank_start]Negative Reinforcement[blank_end]: Stacey's mum asks her if she has cleaned her room, to which Stacey replies that she has. However, Stacey knows that despite telling her mum one thing, she has in actuality not tidied her bedroom. She has lied to her mum to avoid getting a lecture about being messy and has got away with this behaviour, therefore being more likely to lie to her mother in the future.- APositive Reinforcement
- BNegative Punishment
- CPositive Punishment
- DNegative Reinforcement
50Match each of Bronfenbrenner's physical and social contexts of the Bioecological Model of Development with their descriptions.
[blank_start]Microsystem[blank_end]: Immediate environment (face to face interactions)
[blank_start]Mesosystem[blank_end]: The linkage/connection between 2 or more microsystems
[blank_start]Exosystem[blank_end]: Linkages between social systems that have an indirect influence (e.g. children can be affected by how their parent's day at work went)
[blank_start]Macrosystem[blank_end]: A larger cultural context (beliefs, cultures, and societal values)
[blank_start]Chronosystem[blank_end]: Changes that occur within a lifetime - a continual flux of changes (e.g. war, economic crisis, etc.)- AMicrosystem
- BMesosystem
- CExosystem
- DMacrosystem
- EChronosystem
51Pavlov used the neutral stimulus of a tuning fork during his classical conditioning experiments. The subject of these experiments, a dog, learned to salivate at the sound of the tuning fork with the anticipation of receiving a piece of meat that usually comes along with the sound.
What has the tuning fork now become?- Aan unconditioned stimulus
- Ba conditioned stimulus
- Can unconditioned response
- Da conditioned response
52Place the following conditions for effective modelling in the appropriate order:
1. [blank_start]Attention[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]Retention[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]Reproduction[blank_end]
4. [blank_start]Motivation[blank_end]- AAttention
- BRetention
- CReproduction
- DMotivation
53How is information transmitted in the nervous system?
- ANeurotransmitters jump across synapses from the dendrites of one neuron to the axon of another
- BNeurotransmitters race trough myelin to and from the brain
- CNeurotransmitters jump across synapses from the axon of one neuron to the dendrites of another
- DNerve cells connect to each other and send messages to and from the brain
54Match the growth principle to its definition.
[blank_start]Cephalocaudal.[blank_end] Growth occurs n a head to tail direction.
[blank_start]Proximodistal.[blank_end] Growth occurs from the centre outwards.
[blank_start]Othogenetic.[blank_end] Growth starts out as globally / undifferentiated, then moves towards differentiated- ACephalocaudal.
- BProximodistal.
- COthogenetic.
55Persistence of primitive reflexes throughout development can suggest problems.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
56Name the five signs that indicate the presence of a theory of mind.
- AImitation
- BSelf-efficacy
- CUnderstanding intention
- DSensorimotor
- EJoint attention
- FPretend play
- GAbstract thinking
- HEmotional understanding
57Match the experiment with the theory it supports.
[blank_start]The Sally-Anne test[blank_end] Theory of Mind
[blank_start]The 'Strange Situation[blank_end] Attachment Theory
[blank_start]Rats in a box[blank_end] Operant Conditioning
[blank_start]Tuning fork / Dog / Meat[blank_end] Classical Conditioning- AThe Sally-Anne test
- BThe 'Strange Situation
- CRats in a box
- DTuning fork / Dog / Meat
58Place in order Maslow's hierarchy of needs (low to high).
1. [blank_start]Physiological[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]Safety[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]Love[blank_end]
4. [blank_start]Self-esteem[blank_end]
5. [blank_start]Self actualisation[blank_end]- APhysiological
- BSafety
- CLove
- DSelf-esteem
- ESelf actualisation
59Situated Learning is based on which topic?
- ABehaviourism
- BConstructivism
- CSocial development
60Name the theorist who created each specific Professional Learning Community model.
Joint enterprise; shared repertoire; mutual engagement: [blank_start]Wengar[blank_end]
Ensuring that students learn; a culture of collaboration; a focus on results: [blank_start]DuFour[blank_end]
Supporting and shared leadership; shared values and vision; collective learning and application; shared personal practise; supporting conditions: [blank_start]Hord[blank_end]- AWengar
- BHord
- CDuFour
- DDuFour
- EWengar
- FHord
- GHord
- HDuFour
- IWengar
61The concept of 'Childhood' was not developed until the 17th century, before which children were dressed and treated as adults in many cultures, with the same duties and responsibilities. This concept of childhood recognised the innocence of children and the distinct difference in behaviour between themselves and adults.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
62The developmental stage of 'Adolescence' was acknowledged by theorists in the 17th century and was described as the period of an individuals life between the ages of roughly 12 years old (pre-pubescent) and 25 years old.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
63'Emerging Adulthood' is one of the more recently defined developmental stages being used by theorists, and is described as the time from 18 to 25 years when a person is exploring their identity, relationships, financial stability, independence, psychological needs, and so on.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
64'Middle Age' is a developmental stage that emerged in the 20th century. It describes a time in adulthood when individuals are generally financially stable, have meaningful relationships and responsibilities, and are beginning to see their children move out of home or gain more independence of their own.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
65What are the three goals of studying development?
- AOptimisation
- BResearch
- CDescription
- DCreating new theories
- EAwareness
- FExplanaition
- GHypotheses
- HPublication
- IExperimentation
66Theories of development and developmental stages are tested in the hopes that they not only describe how we change as humans over time, but also how these stages can be optimised to encourage positive growth. The three goals of studying development are description, explanation and optimisation. Match each of the following definitions with their corresponding goal:
[blank_start]Explanation[blank_end] -
The developmental stages theorised are either typical to development or are individually different dependant on who they are applied to. This goal discusses theory universality and WHY developmental stages either do or do not apply to real life.
[blank_start]Description[blank_end] -
This goal recognises specific developmental stages and how they are applied to individuals.
[blank_start]Optimisation[blank_end] -
This goal recognises the stages of development that people undertake, and hence aims to devise ways that these stages may be used to encourage the best possible development in people.- AExplanation
- BDescription
- COptimisation
- DDescription
- EOptimisation
- FExplanation
- GOptimisation
- HExplanation
- IDescription
67Are each of the following definitions correct or incorrect?
The definition of 'Nature':
The influences of the environment on development, emphasis on learning, and the idea that experiences cause change.
The definition of 'Nurture':
Development is influenced by heredity, the process of maturation and biological factors.- AVerdadero
- BFalso
68Who is considered to be the founder of developmental studies?
- AAlbert Bandura
- BG. Stanley Hall
- CIvan Pavlov
- DSigmund Freud
69Check all of the following that belong to the Key Assumptions of Development in regards to having a modern day life-span perspective.
Development:- Ais a life long process
- Bis multidirectional
- Cinvolves both gain and loss
- Dis characterised by lifelong plasticity
- Eis shaped by historical-cultural contexts
- Fis multiply influenced
- Gmust be studied by multiple disciplines
70THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD is a process of generating ideas and testing them. It states that preliminary observations should provide ideas for a theory, and that these theories should in turn generate hypotheses and predictions.
In order to test the functionality of a theory, there are three elements that a good theory should be:- AOriginal, falsifiable, published
- BThoroughly researched, falsifiable, applicable to real life
- CInternally consistent, falsifiable, supported by data
- DInternally consistent, related to existing theories, thoroughly researched
713 critical features of a true experiment is that there is a random assignment of participants, a manipulation of the independent variable, and that the experiment is controlled.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
72Match each of the following methods of experimentation with their descriptions.
[blank_start]The Correlation Method[blank_end]: Aims to discover whether two variables are related in a systematic fashion. For example, the correlation between a child's viewing of violent TV shows and their level of aggressive behaviour 15 years later as an adult.
[blank_start]Cross-Sectional Design[blank_end]: Explores the performance of and provides a comparison for different cohorts or age groups who complete the same experiment. E.g. a 5 year old and a 15 year old complete the same puzzle in a test to compare the differences in their cognitive abilities.
[blank_start]Longitudinal Design[blank_end]: One cohort repeat a study over time, for example a memory test is administered to Year 12 students every 2 months to measure changes over time in the same age group. These studies tend to be time consuming, as participants must be contacted at each interval of the testing.
[blank_start]Sequential Design[blank_end]: A combination of the cross sectional and longitudinal design, where a wide range of participants from different age ranges/cohorts undertake a study on multiple occasions. These tests are generally time consuming and can be expensive, but are proven to be the most effective at collecting accurate or useful data.- AThe Correlation Method
- BCross-Sectional Design
- CLongitudinal Design
- DSequential Design
73What are the ethical responsibilities that are expected to be carried out during experimentation?
- AAll of the following answers.
- BInformed consent of the participant.
- CA debriefing of what will happen during the experiment.
- DProtection from physical, psychological, emotional and any other kind of harm.
- EConfidentiality/anonymity.
- FParticipants must be over the age of 16.
74Match each of the four key developmental issues with their appropriate descriptions.
[blank_start]Continuity and discontinuity[blank_end] - To what extent do humans change gradually and in quantitative ways - or progress through qualitatively different stages and change dramatically into different beings?
[blank_start]Nature and nurture[blank_end] - To what extent is development primarily the product of genes, biology and maturation - or of experience, learning and social influences?
[blank_start]Activity and passivity[blank_end] - How much do humans do to actively shape their own environments and contribute to their own development - or are they more passive and shaped by forces beyond their control?
[blank_start]Universality and context specificity[blank_end] - In what ways is development similar from person to person and from culture to culture, and in what ways do pathways of development vary considerably depending on the social context?- AContinuity and discontinuity
- BNature and nurture
- CActivity and passivity
- DUniversality and context specificity
75Match each of the theorists with their theories.
Psychoanalytic Theory:
Psychosexual Stages - [blank_start]Freud[blank_end]
Psychosocial Stages - [blank_start]Erikson[blank_end]
Behaviourism:
Classical Conditioning (dog and tuning for experiment) - [blank_start]Pavlov[blank_end]
Classical Conditioning (baby and rat experiment) - [blank_start]Watson[blank_end]
Operant Conditioning (rat in box with button for food) - [blank_start]Skinner[blank_end]
Social Cognitive Theory and the Reciprocal Causation/Determinism Model - [blank_start]Bandura[blank_end]
Humanistic Theories:
Hierarchy of Needs - [blank_start]Maslow[blank_end]
Humanistic Theory of Personality - [blank_start]Rogers[blank_end]
Attachment Theory (monkey experiments) - [blank_start]Harlow[blank_end]
Constructivist Theories:
Sociocultural Theory - [blank_start]Vygotsky[blank_end]
Cognitive Developmental Theory - [blank_start]Piaget[blank_end]
Spiral Education - [blank_start]Bruner[blank_end]
Systems Theories:
Bioecological Model of Development - [blank_start]Bronfenbrenner[blank_end]
Epigenetic Psychobiological Systems Perspective - [blank_start]Gottlieb[blank_end]- AFreud
- BErikson
- CPavlov
- DWatson
- ESkinner
- FBandura
- GMaslow
- HRogers
- IHarlow
- JVygotsky
- KPiaget
- LBruner
- MBronfenbrenner
- NGottlieb
76Match each of the theorists with their theories.
Psychoanalytic Theory:
Psychosexual Stages - [blank_start]Freud[blank_end]
Psychosocial Stages - [blank_start]Erikson[blank_end]
Behaviourism:
Classical Conditioning (dog and tuning for experiment) - [blank_start]Pavlov[blank_end]
Classical Conditioning (baby and rat experiment) - [blank_start]Watson[blank_end]
Operant Conditioning (rat in box with button for food) - [blank_start]Skinner[blank_end]
Social Cognitive Theory and the Reciprocal Causation/Determinism Model - [blank_start]Bandura[blank_end]
Humanistic Theories:
Hierarchy of Needs - [blank_start]Maslow[blank_end]
Humanistic Theory of Personality - [blank_start]Rogers[blank_end]
Attachment Theory (monkey experiments) - [blank_start]Harlow[blank_end]
Constructivist Theories:
Sociocultural Theory - [blank_start]Vygotsky[blank_end]
Cognitive Developmental Theory - [blank_start]Piaget[blank_end]
Spiral Education - [blank_start]Bruner[blank_end]
Systems Theories:
Bioecological Model of Development - [blank_start]Bronfenbrenner[blank_end]
Epigenetic Psychobiological Systems Perspective - [blank_start]Gottlieb[blank_end]
Schema Theory (aside from Piaget, story about American Indians) - [blank_start]Bartlett[blank_end]- AFreud
- BErikson
- CPavlov
- DWatson
- ESkinner
- FBandura
- GMaslow
- HRogers
- IHarlow
- JVygotsky
- KPiaget
- LBruner
- MBronfenbrenner
- NGottlieb
- OBartlett
Información
- Descripción
- Education Test sobre Human Development and Learning, creado por Claudia Simpson el 04/10/2016.
- Autor
- Claudia Simpson
- Idioma
- English
- Visitas
- 1.619
- Historial
- Creado el 4 oct 2016 · actualizado el 6 abr 2018
- Etiquetas
- Valoración
- 5,0 de 5 · 2 valoraciones Valora este test