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Biology 30 Flash Cards {2}
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- 1GeneticsAll of the things related to the genes and the unique DNA genome that each individual has.
- 2HeredityInheriting traits from parents through the combinations of alleles from parental genes.
- 3AlleleThe dominant or recessive versions of genes that determine different traits in individuals.
- 4CrossingCrossing two individuals of an organism to see the traits of the offspring.
- 5P GenerationThe parent generation of the crossed organisms
- 6F1 GenerationFirst filial generation, or the children of the parent generation.
- 7F2 GenerationSecond filial generous, or the grandchildren of the parent generation.
- 8Gregor MendelAn austrian monk who performed experiments with garden peas and explained gene inheritance in plants.
- 9Punnet SquaresSquares that enable scientists to determine the probability of an individual inheriting traits from two parents.
- 10HeterozygousWhen one allele is dominant and one is recessive.
- 11HomozygousWhen both alleles are the same, either both dominant or both recessive.
- 12PhenotypeWhen the trait in the offspring is expressed physically and not just in genetic form.
- 13GenotypeWhen a trait is expressed in genetic form such as Gg, or Dd, instead of perhaps physically.
- 14True BreedingWhen the parent generation and the F1 generation have the same phenotype that will continue on as more of the species are crossed.
- 15HybridizationWhen two organisms are crossed that are not the same species, or variety. The result is a hybrid animal, such as the mule.
- 16Incomplete DominanceWhen a gene has two or more alleles that have no order of dominance or none are the dominant allele. In this case, both of them contribute to the phenotype, such as mixing red and white flowers to produce pink. The phenotypic ratios are the same as the genotypic ratios.
- 17Co-DominanceBoth alleles are found in the offspring's phenotype, yet individually instead of mixed. The roan calf has both red and white hairs in its colouring, yet is not pink.
- 18Lethal AllelesAlleles that are fatal to the individual that has them, killing them before or shortly after birth. They can be recessive or dominant, heterozygous or homozygous.
- 19Heterozygous AdvantageWhen a person carries the recessive lethal allele as well as a normal dominant allele, giving them a disadvantage that in some circumstances can actually be useful for survival (malaria cases with hemoglobin).
- 20Order of DominanceWhen there are more than two alleles that are dominant in different ways. For example, if the black allele is dominant to brown, but brown is dominant to white, the order of dominance is Bl>Br>Wh.
- 21Sex-Linked InheritanceWhen an allele for a trait is carried on an X chromosome and therefore shows up more often in males because they only have one. Can be recessive or dominant.
- 22Thomas Hunt MorganThe person who did experiments with the eye colour of fruit fly and discovered how gender can play a role in different traits.
- 23Dihybrid QuestionsWhen there are two different types of genes involved and two genotypes are combined.
- 24Blood TypesInclude incomplete dominance with the gene that codes for type A, B, AB, or O, and also complete dominance for the Rh factor, the part of the gene that causes positive or negative values.
- 25EpistasisA dihybrid question that includes two genes: one that interferes with the other gene's phenotype. It can be solved as a dihybrid question with a key to determine how the traits will be expressed in the offspring.
- 26LocusA location of a gene on a part of a chromosome.
- 27Duplicate Gene ActionWhen either of two genes is needed to produce a phenotype.
- 28Complementary Gene Action?
- 29Test CrossAre crosses used to determine the genotype of an individual that is dominant for a trait.
- 30PedigreeA visual way to look at ancestors to determine whether or not an individual is a carrier for a disease. It can be autosomal recessive/dominant, x-linked recessive/dominant, or y-linked.
- 31Linked GenesGenes that are on the same chromosome and therefore have alleles that tend to stay together during meiosis. this means there is a lower chance of having certain gamete combinations.
- 32Unlinked GenesGenes that are on two different chromosomes and therefore have alleles that will exist in equal proportions in gametes.