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Schizophrenia- Key Terms Revision Cards
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- 1AQA A Level Psychology- SchizophreniaKey Terms and Definitions
- 2Classification and Diagnosis Key TermClassification and Diagnosis
Definition - 3ClassificationThe process of organising symptoms into categories based on which symptoms cluster together in sufferers.
- 4Positive symptomsSymptoms which are seen as additions to normal experiences, such as hallucinations and delusions.
- 5Negative symptomsSymptoms which are seen as the loss of normal experiences, such as avolition and social withdrawal.
- 6HallucinationsA positive symptom which includes sensory experiences that either have no basis in reality or their perception is distorted. Hallucinations can affect any of the senses, although auditory and visual are most typical.
- 7DelusionsIrrational beliefs with no basis in reality. There are many types of delusion, such as grandeur, persecutory, somatic, reference and erotomanic. Persecutory delusions (paranoid about being targeted/followed) are the most common.
- 8Speech povertyA negative symptom characterised by reduced frequency and quality of speech.
- 9AvolitionA negative symptom characterised by a lack of motivation, which results in low activity levels.
- 10Co-morbidityIn which two disorders occur simultaneously. Schizophrenia has the highest co-morbidity rate with depression, at 50%. This means 50% of schizophrenics also suffer depression. Co-morbidity calls into question the validity of classification.
- 11Symptom overlapIn which two disorders share symptoms. For example, bipolar depression includes delusions and avolition, much like schizophrenia. Symptom overlap calls into question the validity of classification.
- 12ValidityThe extent to which the diagnosis reflects the actual disorder- the accuracy of diagnosis. This includes criterion validity.
- 13ReliabilityThe consistency of diagnosis across repeated measures. This includes inter-rater reliability.
- 14Biological Explanations Key TermBiological Explanations
Definition - 15GeneticsGenes are made of DNA and code for different physical features, including neurotransmitters and brain structure. This may impact psychological features.
- 16DopamineDopamine is a neurotransmitter associated with mood, specifically pleasure.
- 17GlutamateGlutamate is a neurotransmitter associated with prenatal and childhood brain development, as well as learning and memory.
- 18Neural correlatesAbnormalities in the structure or activity of the brain that may influence one's experiences.
- 19HyperdopaminergiaHigh levels/activity of dopamine in the sub cortex. It is typically associated with positive symptoms, such as auditory hallucinations.
- 20HypodopaminergiaLow levels/activity of dopamine in the cortex. It is typically associated with negative symptoms, such as avolition.
- 21AgonistsA substance which initiates a physiological response when it binds with a receptor e.g. amphetamines.
- 22AntagonistsA substance which interferes with the physiological action of another substance e.g. antipsychotics.
- 23Ventral striatumArea in the brain associated with anticipation. Low levels of activity in the ventral striatum are linked to symptoms such as avolition.
- 24Superior temporal gyrusArea in the brain associated with auditory processing. Low levels of activity in the superior temporal gyrus are linked to symptoms such as auditory hallucinations.
- 25Hyperdopaminergia in Broca's areaHigh activity levels of dopamine in Broca's area (linked to speech production) leads to disorganised speech and auditory hallucinations.
- 26Hypodopaminergia in the pre-frontal cortexLow activity levels of dopamine in the pre-frontal cortex (linked to planning and decision making) leads to avolition.
- 27Psychological Explanations Key TermPsychological Explanations
Definition - 28Family dysfunctionAbnormal communication within a family, such as a schizophenogenic mother, double bind statements and negative expressed emotion.
- 29Cognitive explanationsExplanations which focus on the abnormal mental processes such as thinking, language and attention.
- 30Dysfunctional meta-representationThe inability to identify our actions and thoughts as our own. Symptoms include auditory hallucinations and delusions regarding thought-insertion.
- 31Lack of central controlThe inability to supress automatic thought. Symptoms include disorganised speech.
- 32Schizophrenogenic motherA cold and dominant mother who causes conflict in the family, leading to secrecy, distrust and subsequently schizophrenia.
- 33Double bind theoryFaulty communication in families characterised by contradictory statements e.g. a parent telling a child to be more spontaneous, but when they are, they're punished. This leads to avoidance strategies, causing symptoms such as avolition and social withdrawal.
- 34Negative expressed emotionHigh levels of expressed emotion, including hostility, criticism and emotional over-involvement, can cause stress that triggers schizophrenia. It is also associated with higher relapse rates.
- 35Biological Treatments Key TermBiological Treatments
Definition - 36AntipsychoticsDrugs used to reduce the severity of symptoms, especially positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions. There are two types: typical and atypical.
- 37Typical antipsychoticsThis includes chlorpromazine, a dopamine antagonist. These drugs were developed in the 1950s, but have severe side effects. They only bind to dopamine and histamine receptors, although histamine doesn't play a role in schizophrenia.
- 38Atypical antipsychoticsThis includes clozapine (1970s) and risperidone (1990s). Unlike typical drugs, atypical drugs bind to serotonin and glutamate receptors as well. Risperidone binds more strongly than clozapine, so the side effects aren't as severe.
- 39Psychological Treatments Key TermPsychological Treatments
Definition - 40Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)A psychological therapy which aims to identify and change irrational thoughts to benefit their behavioural and emotional states.
- 41Family therapyIn which the whole family of a sufferer attends therapy sessions with the aim of improving communication and reducing stress.
- 42Token economiesToken economies are used for long term patients to reduce the effects of institutionalisation. They involve operant conditioning, in which when a patient performs a desired behaviour, they are given a token that can be exchanged for a reward.
- 43Primary reinforcerPrimary reinforcers are the rewards used in institutions (e.g. psychiatric wards) which use token economy systems. They are the rewards given to patients, such as sweets or being allowed to walk outside.
- 44Secondary reinforcerSecondary reinforcers are the tokens given to patients in institutions (e.g. psychiatric wards) which use token economy systems. They are given instantly to the patient when they perform a desired behaviour, and can be exchanged for primary reinforcers.
- 45Interactionist Approach Key TermInteractionist Approach
Definition - 46Interactionist approachThis approach to schizophrenia acknowledges biological and psychological factors.
- 47Diathesis-Stress modelAn underlying vulnerability (diathesis) and a trigger (stress) are both essential for the development of schizophrenia.
- 48DiathesisThe underlying vulnerability to schizophrenia. It could be genetic, or psychological trauma.
- 49StressThe trigger that makes a person with a vulnerability more likely to develop schizophrenia. They can be either biological or psychological stress. For example, the stress of living with a schizophrenogenic mother.
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- Descripción
- AQA A Level Psychology- Schizophrenia key terms and definitions. Includes diagnosis and classification, biological explanations, psychological explanations, biological treatments, psychological treatments, and the interactionist approach.
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- Grace Fawcitt
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