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Fichas

Conscience

Annabel Stock Religious Studies A level Inglés 42 fichas

Fichas del conjunto (42)

  1. 1What is ratio?The word used by Aquinas to describe reason, something which is placed in every person as a result of their being created in the image of God
  2. 2Id?For Freud, the part of the mind which has instinctive impulses which seek satisfaction in pleasure
  3. 3Super-ego?Freud uses this word to describe the part of the mind which contradicts the id and uses internalised ideals from parents and society to make the ego behave morally
  4. 4Conscientia?This is the name Aquinas gives to the process whereby a person's reason makes moral judgements
  5. 5Vincible ignorance?This is how Aquinas describes a lack of knowledge for which a person is responsible and can be blamed
  6. 6Invincible ignorance?This is how Aquinas describes a lack of knowledge for which a person is not responsible and cannot be blamed
  7. 7What concept of conscience did Aquinas reject?He did not share the common belief that conscience is a special power or part of our mind which tells us what is right or wrong. He thought that to understand conscience you have to understand ratio (reason)
  8. 8How did Augustine and Aquinas differ?Augustine thought that reason, the intellect and the mind were all one power in human beings but Aquinas distinguishes ratio as a separate thing. Of all creatures, only humans deliberate over moral matters and ratio is, therefore, a fundamental part of the created human being.
  9. 9How does the Bible support this idea?The Bible refers to human beings made in the image and likeness of God and it is therefore, according to Christians, placed in every person.
  10. 10What does Aquinas mean by ratio?More than simply comprehending things, understanding them or perfecting them. Ratio moves us in our thinking from one thing to another. It has some sort of direction linked to judgement. It is an act of working things out.
  11. 11What inspired Aquinas evaluation of the capacity of ratio?Aquinas was inspired by Paul's letter to Romans which suggests that we can move from the knowledge of this world to knowledge of the the eternal world. Ratio connects us to the eternal realm, to the divine.
  12. 12What did Aquinas think was within us?The syneresis principle which directs us towards good and away from evil. There is also sensuality within each of us which tempts us towards evil and which was operating in the Garden of Eden.
  13. 13What was Aquinas' view about the relationship between synderesis and sensuality?Aquinas was positive about the outcome of any conflict between them. He had a positive view of human beings' capability to lean towards the good and away from the selfish. Synderesis is a habit or a leaning, not a power and humans can use ration to cultivate the habit of syneresis.
  14. 14Some Christian writers had written about conscientia as a kind of spark of moral wisdom. How did Aquinas' understanding differ?For Aquinas, conscience is an act within a human person (a pronouncement of the mind) arising when the knowledge gained from the application of ration to synderesis is applied to something we do. Conscience is 'reason making right decisions'; it is not a voice giving us commands
  15. 15For Aquinas, coming from faith means...?Coming from conscience and that means coming from the application of ratio
  16. 16Doesn't this make Aquinas sound like a relativist?Aquinas is not saying that whatever you feel to be good is in fact good and you should do it. He is saying that human beings should do what they think is right and that human beings can, using reason, discern correctly what is right. He is also acknowledging that human beings make mistakes because the operation of ratio involves knowledge and knowledge may be incomplete or erroneous
  17. 17What did Aquinas believe about the accountability for acts?For Aquinas, a responsibly informed action is not blameworthy, even though it may be wrong. A person can honestly do the wrong thing whilst believing it is the right thing. This does not mean, however, that people are always blameless. A person might, through irresponsibility or even the temptation of sensuality, fail to educate themselves and may consequently act without the necessary knowledge.
  18. 18What are the two kinds of ignorance which Aquinas thought there were?1. Vincible ignorance: a lack of knowledge for which a person can be held responsible; they ought to have known better. Vincible ignorance is not an excuse and a person who demonstrates vincible ignorance is morally culpable for the acts carried out as a result. They cannot claim that 'conscience' justifies their action
    2. Invincible ignorance: a lack of knowledge for which a person is not responsible. It is when a person acts to the best of their knowledge, having done all they can to reasonably inform themselves, but nevertheless gets it wrong and does not act in accordance with what is right and good. Aquinas does not believe that God will condemn humans for invincible ignorance. If they fear God and live according to their conscience, God, in his infinite mercy, will give them salvation even though they err.
  19. 19What did Cardinal Henry Newman famously say about conscience?"Conscience is the aboriginal Vicar of Christ...I shall drink to the Pope, if you please - still to Conscience first and to the Pope afterwards."
  20. 20According to Freud, what is conscience based on?Conscience is not based on rational decision-making, it is a product of psychological factors which influence human beings in was which may or may not be healthy
  21. 21Explain Freud's theory of psychosexual developmentFreud argued that the psychological development takes places in a series of fixed stages and each stage is associated with a particular part of the body as the libido (sexual desire) focuses on that part of the body as a source of pleasure, frustration or both
  22. 22What did Freud think the human mind is made up of?1. Unconscious mind: the repressed thoughts and feeling including primitive desires, wish fulfilment, pleasure and dreams of gratification
    2. Preconscious mind: the memories not readily available but accessible
    3. Conscious mind: the thoughts a person currently has which the unconscious mind cannot access
  23. 23According to Freud, what are the three aspects of the human personality?The Id, the ego and the super-ego
  24. 24What is the id?An entirely unconscious aspect of personality which is present from birth. It is the central component of personality and it is powerful, instinctive and primitive. It is driven by the pleasure principle; it seeks immediate gratification. If the striving for immediate gratification fails to satisfy all wants, needs and desires then anxiety and tension result.
  25. 25What did Freud think about libido?It is central to the human personality. Sexual pleasure and sexuality begins in early childhood, not at the onset of puberty as was, and sometimes still is popularly though. Children show an early interest in their genitals and form early sexual interests in other people
  26. 26What does the libido drive?The id - to desire sexual gratification and frustration ensues if that desire is not satisfied.
  27. 27When Freud wrote about sexual frustration, what did he use the term to mean?Freud used the term in a broad sense to refer to many different frustrations including the frustration of not being able to excrete or the frustration of not getting food as well as sexual frustration
  28. 28When it is not possible to satisfy all of the id's desires, what does the id try and do instead?The id sought to resolve the resulting tension by, for example, imagining food to try and satisfy hunger
  29. 29As it is not socially acceptable to seek immediate gratification for all of our desires, children learn to keep desires in check. What mediates between the id and social norms?The ego: the ego is driven by the reality principle. The ego reconciles the id which otherwise drives us by the pleasure principle
  30. 30What is one strategy used by the ego to manage the tensions caused when the id's desires are not immediately satisfied?Delayed gratification
  31. 31How, therefore, might a good conscience be seen according to Freud's view?The effective operation of the ego over the id where desires are achieved in such a way as to avoid censure and punishment from social authorities
  32. 32What is the last part of the human psyche to develop?The super-ego
  33. 33What is the super-ego?The repository of internalised moral standards of right and wrong which children acquire from their family and society. Early messages from authority figures establish a set of rules. Fulfilling these rules leads to a sense of pride and accomplishment, affirmation, approval and recognition. Failing to live up to these rules leads to criticism, punishment, guilt and remorse.
  34. 34The greater the extent to which the super-ego dominates over the ego, the greater....?The extent the extent to which a person avoids actions which might result in them breaking the rules.
  35. 35What can this lead to?A person acting to please the external authority rather than finding a way to manage their desires in the least socially unacceptable way.
  36. 36What happens if a person does act on their desires?They will feel guilty which can, in turn, interrupt the balance between the id and the ego and thus make it difficult for the ego to manage the id.
  37. 37How did Freud think that conscience was related to his theory of the human psyche?According to Freud, religious and moral feelings and conscience are related to the super-ego. When we talk about conscience we are not discerning the moral thing to do, we are feeling guilty because of the super ego.
  38. 38What happens if either the id, ego or super-ego are dominant over the other two aspects of the psyche?If there is an imbalance, the outcome is a maladaptive personality:
    1. Dominant id: the outcome is an impulsive and uncontrollable individual (e.g. a criminal)
    2. Overpowering ego: an individual who is caught up in reality (e.g. extremely rigid and unable to stray from rules or structure), is unable to be spontaneous (e.g. express id impulses) or lacks a personal sense of what is right and wrong (e.g. somebody who goes by the book)
    3. Overactive super-ego: an extremely moralistic individual
  39. 39How have later psychologists developed Freud's theory with specific reference to conscience?They argued that conscience has a mature and an immature dimension.
  40. 40What is the mature dimension?The mature dimension is healthy and is identified with the ego's search for integrity. It is concerned with right and wrong and acts dynamically and responsively on things of value. The mature conscience looks outward to the world and the future developing new insights into situations
  41. 41What is the immature dimension?The immature conscience comprises the mass of guilty feelings which humans acquire in their early years as their super-ego develops. These guilty feelings have little to do with the rational importance of the action the person is feeling guilty about. Rather, the immature conscience is acting out a desire to seek approval from others
  42. 42When does conflict emerge between the mature and immature dimensions of conscience?When people make moral decisions. The immature conscience urges us to conform to the will of the majority while the mature conscience is autonomous and encourages us to pursue individual self-fulfilment.

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A level (Ethics) Religious Studies Fichas sobre Conscience , creado por Annabel Stock el 27/02/2018.
Creado por
Annabel Stock · feb 2018
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1 mar 2018
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