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Biowords 2/3

Cameron Rogers Inglés 199 fichas

Fichas del conjunto (199)

  1. 1HistoneType of protein associated with DNA in eukaryotes. DNA is wound around histone proteins to form chromatin.
  2. 2HomologousChromosomes that have the same genes at the same loci. Members of an homologous pair of chromosomes pair up during meiosis. Diploid organisms produced by sexual reproduction have homologous pairs of chromosomes one member of each pair from the male parent and the other member from the female parent. (Can also be used to refer to structures that have different functions but have a common evolutionary origin such as human arm and a bird wing.)
  3. 3HormoneChemicals made in endocrine glands that are carried in the blood to target cells/tissues/organs. They act as chemical messengers and are associated with developmental changes of the organism. Most are polypeptides but some are steroids.
  4. 4Hydrocarbon chainA chain of carbon atoms bonded together with hydrogen atoms bonded onto the carbons.
  5. 5Hydrogen bondA weak bond formed when partially positively charged groups come close to partially negatively charged groups. It is seen in water molecules and in the secondary and tertiary structure of proteins.
  6. 6HydrolysisA reaction in which a molecule is broken down into two smaller molecules by the addition of a water molecule and the breaking of a covalent bond.
  7. 7HydrophilicAssociating with water molecules easily (water-loving).
  8. 8HydrophobicWater-repelling (water-hating).
  9. 9Hydrostatic pressurePressure created by a fluid pushing against the sides of a container.
  10. 10HyphaeThe strands that make up the body of a fungus.
  11. 11IleumThe second longer part of the small intestine.
  12. 12Immune responseA response to an antigen which involves the activation of lymphocytes.
  13. 13Immunological memoryAbility of the immune system to respond very quickly to antigens that it recognises as they have entered the body before.
  14. 14IncidenceThe number of new cases of a disease in a certain time period.
  15. 15Induced fit (hypothesis)The theory of enzyme action in which the enzyme molecule changes shape to fit the substrate molecule more closely as it binds to it.
  16. 16Inhibition/inhibitorThe slowing of an enzyme-controlled reaction. An inhibitor slows down or prevents the formation of enzymesubstrate complexes.
  17. 17Initial reaction rateRate of reaction at the beginning of the reaction.
  18. 18Intercostal musclesMuscles between the ribs responsible for moving the rib cage during breathing.
  19. 19InterferonA group of factors with non-specific antiviral activity. They also affect the immune system.
  20. 20InterleukinCell-signalling chemicals. Some are involved in activating cells of the immune system.
  21. 21InterphaseThe phase of the cell cycle where synthesis of new DNA and organelles takes place.
  22. 22Intracellular (enzymes / digestion)Inside the cell (intracellular enyzmes/digestion are found inside the cell).
  23. 23IonAn atom (or group of atoms) carrying a positive or a negative charge.
  24. 24Ionic bondAttraction between oppositely charged ions.
  25. 25KeratinFibrous protein found in skin hair and nails.
  26. 26KeratinocytesCells that make keratin.
  27. 27Kinetic energyEnergy of movement.
  28. 28KingdomTaxonomic group. Living organisms are grouped into one of five kingdoms: Prokaryotae Protoctista Fungi Plantae and Animalia.
  29. 29LactateA compound containing lactic acid the product of anaerobic respiration in mammals and some bacteria.
  30. 30LactealA blind-ending branch of the lymph system found in each villus of the small intestine.
  31. 31LeucocytesWhite blood cells.
  32. 32LigninA waterproofing substance that impregnates the walls of xylem tissue. Lignin gives wood its strength.
  33. 33Limiting factorA variable that limits the rate of a process. If it is increased then the rate of the process will increase.
  34. 34LipaseAn enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of lipid molecules.
  35. 35LipidsA diverse group of chemicals that includes triglycerides fatty acids and cholesterol.
  36. 36Lock-and-key hypothesisThe theory of enzyme action where the enzyme active site is complementary to the substrate molecule like a lock and a key.
  37. 37LumenA cavity surrounded by a cell wall in cells such as xylem vessels which have lost their cell contents. Also used for the central cavities of blood vessels.
  38. 38Lymphatic systemA system of lymph nodes and lacteals with lymph fluid.
  39. 39LymphocyteA type of white blood cell activated as part of the immune response.
  40. 40LysosomesMembrane-bound vesicles made by pinching off from the Golgi body. They usually contain digestive enzymes.
  41. 41MacromoleculeA very large molecule.
  42. 42MacrophagesLarge phagocytic Amoeba-like white blood cells that engulf ingest and destroy bacteria damaged cells and worn-out red blood cells.
  43. 43MagnificationThe number of time greater an image is than the object.
  44. 44MaltoseA disaccharide molecule consisting of two -glucose molecules bonded together.
  45. 45Marker-assisted selectionA mechanism used by animal and plant breeders to help select individuals with the desired genotype. The desired gene is linked (marked) to a section of DNA that is easy to identify in a young individual.
  46. 46MeiosisNuclear division that results in the formation of cells containing half the number of chromosomes of the adult cell.
  47. 47Memory cellsB and T cells that remain in the body after an immune response. Their presence enables a much faster and greater second immune response.
  48. 48Meristem cellsUndifferentiated plant cells capable of rapid cell division.
  49. 49Messenger RNA (mRNA)A type of RNA polynucleotide involved in protein synthesis. Carries the information coding for a polypeptide from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
  50. 50MetabolismAll the chemical reactions that take place in an organism.
  51. 51MetaphaseThe phase of mitosis where the chromosomes line up at the equator of the spindle.
  52. 52Microtubule motorsProteins associated with microtubules. The proteins can move along microtubules. Kinesin moves towards the (+) end of the microtubules and dynein moves towards the () end.
  53. 53MicrotubulesComponents of the cell cytoskeleton. They have a diameter of about 24nm and length varying from several micrometres in most cells to possibly several millimetres in some nerve cells. Microtubules are involved in mitosis cytokinesis and movement of vesicles within cells.
  54. 54MicrovilliFolds in the membrane of a cell that increase its surface area.
  55. 55Mitochondrion (pl: mitochondria)The organelle found in cells in which most of the ATP synthesis occurs. It is the site of aerobic respiration.
  56. 56MitosisNuclear division that results in the formation of cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell.
  57. 57MonocultureA crop of plants of a single species bred to be very similar.
  58. 58MonocytesLarge phagocytic white blood cell.
  59. 59MonokinesChemical produced by monocytes to signal to other cells. Also called lymphokines.
  60. 60MonomerA small molecule that is one of the units bonded together to form a polymer.
  61. 61MonophyleticA group of organisms is said to be monophyletic if they all share a common ancestor and therefore belong to the same classification group.
  62. 62MonosaccharideA simple sugar molecule. The monomer of polysaccharides.
  63. 63MorbidityThe proportion of people in a population who are ill with a particular disease at any one time.
  64. 64MortalityThe number of people who die from a disease in a certain time period.
  65. 65MucusA slimy substance secreted by goblet cells in animal epithelial tissues. It is made up mostly of glycoproteins (proteins bonded to carbohydrates) and is used to protect and/or lubricate the surface on to which it is secreted.
  66. 66MultinucleateDescribes cytoplasm that is not divided into cells but contains many nuclei.
  67. 67MutationA change in the structure of DNA or in the structure and number of chromosomes.
  68. 68MyceliumThe mass of filaments (hyphae) that make up the body of a fungus.
  69. 69MyogenicDescribes muscle tissue (heart muscle) that generates its own contractions.
  70. 70MyoglobinA respiratory pigment (protein) with a higher affinity for oxygen than haemoglobin.
  71. 71Natural immunityImmunity acquired through exposure to disease during the normal course of life.
  72. 72Natural selectionThe best-adapted organisms in a population can outcompete those that are less well-adapted. They are selected by the environment to survive and reproduce so passing on the favourable alleles that have made them well-adapted. Over time this produces a change in the proportions of alleles in the gene pool and evolution occurs. Natural selection is the mechanism for evolution.
  73. 73NeutrophilsPhagocytic white blood cells. They engulf and digest bacteria. Neutrophils have a many-lobed nucleus and a granular cytoplasm due to the large numbers of lysosomes present.
  74. 74NicheThe exact role of an organism in the ecosystem its use of the living and non-living components of the ecosystem.
  75. 75Non-competitive inhibitorAn inhibitor of an enzyme-controlled reaction that binds to the enzyme molecule in a region away from the active site.
  76. 76Nuclear envelopeThe double membrane structure surrounding the nucleus in eukaryotic cells.
  77. 77Nucleic acidA polymer of nucleotide molecules.
  78. 78NucleotideThe monomer of nucleic acids consisting of a phosphate a sugar and an organic base.
  79. 79NucleusA large membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells which contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes.
  80. 80NutritionThe total substances taken into an animal or plant for use in metabolism (the sum total of its diet).
  81. 81OestrogenSteroid hormone made in ovaries.
  82. 82OmnipotentSee totipotent.
  83. 83OmnivoreAn animal that eats plant and animal material.
  84. 84Opportunistic infectionInfection caused by an organism that infects a host with a weakened (compromised) immune system.
  85. 85Optimum (temperature / pH)The condition that gives the fastest rate of reaction in enzyme-controlled reactions.
  86. 86OrderTaxonomic group used in classification of living organisms. Similar families are placed in the same order.
  87. 87OrganA collection of tissues that work together to perform a specific overall function or set of functions within a multicellular organism.
  88. 88OrganelleStructure inside a cell. Each organelle has a specific function.
  89. 89Organic baseNitrogenous base in nucleic acid: adenine thymine uracil cytosine guanine.
  90. 90OsmosisThe movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential across a partially permeable membrane.
  91. 91Oxygen tensionThe amount of oxygen in the air expressed as the pressure created by the presence of oxygen expressed in kilopascals (kPa).
  92. 92OxygenatedDescribes blood carrying oxygen in the form of oxyhaemoglobin.
  93. 93OxyhaemoglobinHaemoglobin with oxygen molecules attached.
  94. 94PandemicDescribes a disease that is spreading worldwide or over continents.
  95. 95ParasiteAn organism that lives in or on another living organism (its host) deriving nutrition from the host benefiting at the expense of its host.
  96. 96ParenchymaRelatively unspecialised plant cells. They have living contents and thin permeable cellulose cell walls. They may be able to photosynthesise store food or support young plants.
  97. 97Partial pressureThe proportion of total pressure provided by a particular gas as part of a mixture of gases.
  98. 98Partially permeable membraneA membrane that will allow some molecules to pass through but will not allow some others to pass through.
  99. 99Passive immunityImmunity acquired without activation of the lymphocytes. It is provided by antibodies that have not been manufactured by stimulating the immune system such as through the placenta or breast milk or by injection.
  100. 100PathogenAn organism that causes disease.
  101. 101PeptideA molecule consisting of a small number of amino acids bonded together by (covalent) peptide bonds.
  102. 102Peptide bondThe covalent bond formed when amino acids are joined together in condensation reactions.
  103. 103PericycleA layer of cells in the root that lies just inside the endodermis. It usually consists of meristematic cells whose division gives rise to lateral roots.
  104. 104PeristalsisMuscular contractions of muscle layers of gut to squeeze food along.
  105. 105pHGives measure of acidity/alkalinity of a solution. It is the reciprocal of the logarithmic value of the hydrogen ion concentration. So pH 16 are acidic (lots of hydrogen ions) 7 is neutral and 814 are alkaline.
  106. 106PhagocyteA cell that can carry out phagocytosis and ingest bacteria or small particles. Macrophages and neutrophils are phagocytes.
  107. 107PhagosomeA vacuole inside a phagocyte which is created by an infolding of the plasma (cell surface) membrane to engulf a foreign particle. The foreign particle is held inside the phagosome.
  108. 108PhloemA tissue in plants that is used to transport dissolved sugars and other substances.
  109. 109PhospholipidA molecule consisting of a glycerol molecule two fatty acid molecules and a phosphate group covalently bonded together. Phospholipids form the basis of cell membranes.
  110. 110PhotosynthesisProcess by which plants some bacteria and some protoctists make food using carbon dioxide water and sunlight energy.
  111. 111PhylogenyThe evolutionary relationships between organisms.
  112. 112PhylumA taxonomic group used in classification of living organisms. Similar classes are grouped into the same phylum.
  113. 113PinocytocisThe process of endocytosis involving the bulk movement of liquids into a cell.
  114. 114Pits (or bordered pits)Thin areas in the lignified walls of xylem tissue cells that allow communication between adjacent cells.
  115. 115PlaqueFatty material built up under the endothelium of an artery.
  116. 116Plasma cellsMature -lymphocytes (white blood cells) that secrete a specific kind of antibody.
  117. 117Plasma membrane / cell surface membraneThe membrane that surrounds every cell forming the selectively permeable boundary between the cell and its environment. It is made up of a double layer of phospholipids with embedded proteins.
  118. 118Plasma proteinsProteins made in the liver that are found in blood plasma.
  119. 119PlasmidSmall circular piece of DNA present in some bacterial cells. Plasmids may have genes for antibiotic resistance. Plasmids can also be used as vectors in genetic engineering.
  120. 120Plasmodesma (pl: plasmodesmata)A fine strand of cytoplasm that links the protoplasm of adjacent cells through a thin area of cell wall called a pit.
  121. 121PlasmolysisDetachment of the plasma membrane from the cell wall as the cytoplasm shrinks when water is lost from a plant cell.
  122. 122PlateletsFragments of cells in the blood that play a part in blood clotting.
  123. 123PluripotentStem cells capable of differentiating to become a limited number of cell types found in the organism (e.g. cells of an early embryo). See also Totipotent/Omnipotent.
  124. 124PolymerA large molecule made up of many/repeating similar smaller molecules (monomers) covalently bonded together.
  125. 125PolynucleotideA polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers covalently bonded together (DNA and RNA are polynucleotides).
  126. 126PolypeptideA polymer consisting of many amino acid monomers covalently bonded together.
  127. 127PolysaccharideA polymer consisting of many monosaccharide monomers covalently bonded together.
  128. 128PotometerApparatus used to measure water uptake in a leafy shoot and so to estimate rate of transpiration.
  129. 129PrecipitateA suspension of small solid particles in a liquid produced by a chemical reaction.
  130. 130PrevalenceThe number of people with a particular disease at a certain time.
  131. 131Primary defencesThe defences that prevent the entry of a pathogen into the body.
  132. 132Primary structureThe sequence of amino acids found in a protein molecule.
  133. 133ProkaryoteAn organism with cells that do not contain a true nucleus.
  134. 134ProphaseThe phase of mitosis where the chromosomes become visible as a pair of sister chromatids joined at the centromere.
  135. 135ProstaglandinA chemical made in the body that is involved in inflammatory reactions.
  136. 136Prosthetic groupA non-protein organic molecule that forms a permanent part of a functioning protein molecule.
  137. 137ProteaseAn enzyme capable of digesting proteins.
  138. 138ProteinA polymer consisting of many amino acid monomers covalently bonded together.
  139. 139Pulmonary circulationThe circulation of the blood through the lungs.
  140. 140Pulmonary veinThe vein carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
  141. 141PurineAdenine and guanine nitrogenous bases consisting of a double ring structure.
  142. 142Purkyne tissue (Purkinje tissue)Specialised tissue (muscle fibres) in the septum of the heart that conducts the electrical stimulus from the sinoatrial node to the ventricles.
  143. 143PyrimidineThymine cytosine and uracil nitrogenous bases consisting of a single ring structure.
  144. 144QuadratA square frame used for sampling in field work.
  145. 145QualitativeA study is qualitative if it does not involve quantity (numbers). For example simple observations to see if a particular species lives in a selected area is qualitative.
  146. 146QuantitativeA study is quantitative if it involves quantity (numbers). For example if you count the number of individuals of a species in a selected area the study is quantitative.
  147. 147Quaternary structureProtein structure where a protein consists of more than one polypeptide chain. Haemoglobin and insulin both have a quaternary structure.
  148. 148Receptor sitesProtein or glycoprotein molecules on cell surfaces used for attachment of specific substances such as hormones or viruses.
  149. 149Reducing sugarA carbohydrate monomer or dimer that gives a positive result in Benedicts test because it is able chemically to reduce copper sulfate in solution.
  150. 150ReductionChemical reaction involving transfer of electrons from one reactant to another. The substance that gains electrons is reduced.
  151. 151ResolutionThe ability to distinguish two separate points as distinct from each other.
  152. 152RespirationThe process in which energy is released from complex molecules such as glucose within cells and transferred to molecules of ATP.
  153. 153RiboseThe 5-carbon (pentose) sugar found in RNA nucleotides.
  154. 154Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)RNA found in ribosomes.
  155. 155RibosomeThe organelle on which proteins are synthesised inside the cell.
  156. 156Risk factorA factor that increases the risk or chance that you may develop a particular disease.
  157. 157RNARibonucleic acid a single-stranded polynucleotide molecule that exists in three forms. Each form plays a part in the synthesis of proteins within cells.
  158. 158Root hair cellsCells in the epithelium of roots that have long extensions to increase surface area for the absorption of water and minerals.
  159. 159Secondary defencesDefences that attempt to kill or inactivate pathogens that have already invaded the body.
  160. 160Secondary structureThe coiling or folding parts of a protein molecule due to the formation of hydrogen bonds formed as the protein is synthesised. The main forms of secondary structure are the -helix and -pleated sheets.
  161. 161SecretionThe release of a substance made inside the cell using the process of exocytosis.
  162. 162Selection pressureAn external pressure that drives evolution in a particular direction.
  163. 163Semi-conservative replicationThe replication of a DNA strand where the two strands unzip and a new strand is assembled onto each conserved strand according to the complementary base-pairing rules. The replicated double helix consists of one old strand and one newly synthesised strand.
  164. 164Semilunar valvesValves between the ventricles and the main arteries leading out of the heart which prevent backflow of blood.
  165. 165SeptumThe wall separating the ventricles of the heart.
  166. 166Sexual reproductionThe production of a new individual formed by the fusing of gametes from two different parent organisms. The offspring have unique combinations of alleles inherited from both parents.
  167. 167Sieve tube elementA cell found in phloem tissue through which sap containing sucrose is transported. It has very little cytoplasm no nucleus and non-thickened cellulose cell walls with the end walls perforated to form sieve plates through which the sap passes from element to element.
  168. 168Simple diffusionThe movement of molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration.
  169. 169Single circulatory systemA circulation in which blood flows through the heart once during each circulation of the body.
  170. 170SinkA part of a plant that removes sugars from the phloem.
  171. 171Sinoatrial node (SAN)The patch of tissue that initiates the heartbeat by sending waves of excitation over the atria.
  172. 172Smooth muscleA type of muscle (involuntary muscle) found mostly in certain internal organs and involved in involuntary movements such as peristalsis.
  173. 173SoluteA solid that dissolves in a liquid.
  174. 174Solute potential (s)The component of water potential that is due to the presence of solutes the potential energy of a solution provided by the solutes.
  175. 175SolutionLiquid with dissolved solids.
  176. 176SolventA liquid that dissolves solids.
  177. 177SourceA part of the plant that releases sugars into the phloem.
  178. 178SpeciationThe formation of a new species.
  179. 179SpeciesA group of organisms whose members are similar to each other in shape (morphology) physiology biochemistry and behaviour and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.
  180. 180SpindleA structure consisting of protein fibres found in eukaryotic cells during cell division. Chromosomes become attached to the spindle at their centromeres and spindle fibres guide the movement of chromosomes to opposite end of the cell at telophase.
  181. 181StarchA polysaccharide found in plant cells. It is formed from the covalent bonding together of many glucose molecules.
  182. 182Stem cellsUndifferentiated cells that are capable of becoming differentiated to a number of possible cell types (e.g. totipotent pluripotent).
  183. 183Stoma (pl: stomata)Pore in leaf epidermis surrounded by two guard cells. Changes in turgidity of the guard cells can open or close the stoma. Stomata allow gaseous exchange in plants and also allow transpiration.
  184. 184StromaThe gel-like matrix found in chloroplasts. The membranes of the thylakoids/grana are embedded in the stroma.
  185. 185SubstrateThe substance that is used up in an enzyme-controlled reaction leading to the formation of product. It fits into the active site of the enzyme at the start of the reaction.
  186. 186Surface tensionThe skin on the surface of water formed as a result of hydrogen bonding in water molecules pulling the surface molecules downwards.
  187. 187SurfactantA chemical that can reduce the surface tension of a film of water.
  188. 188Sustainable developmentDevelopment that does not cause excessive harm to the surrounding environment. The local biodiversity (species diversity habitat diversity and ecosystems) and the local people are able to continue to live and operate alongside the development.
  189. 189SympatricSpeciation that occurs within one area some factor other than geographical separation has prevented free interbreeding between members of the species.
  190. 190Symplast pathwayThe route taken by water through the cytoplasm of cells in a plant.
  191. 191Systemic circulationThe circulation that carries blood around the body excluding the circulation to the lungs.
  192. 192SystoleThe stage of the heart cycle in which heart muscle contracts to pump blood.
  193. 193Taxon (pl: taxa)A taxonomic group such as a class or a family used to aid classification.
  194. 194TaxonomyThe study of the principles behind classification.
  195. 195TelophaseFinal phase of mitosis. Two new nuclear envelopes form around the two new nuclei.
  196. 196Tendinous cordsString-like tendons used to attach the atrioventricular valves of the heart to the sides of the ventricle wall. Sometimes called heart strings.
  197. 197Tertiary structureThe overall three-dimensional shape of a protein molecule. It is the result of interactions between parts of the protein molecule such as hydrogen bonding formation of disulfide bridges ionic bonds and hydrophobic interactions.
  198. 198TestosteroneSteroid hormone made in the testes.
  199. 199ThrombusA blood clot.

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The second set of biology flashcards
Creado por
Cameron Rogers
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