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T4 Learning
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- 1What is classic conditioningClassical conditioning theory says that behaviors are learned by connecting a neutral stimulus with a positive one, such as when Pavlov's dogs heard a bell (neutral) and expected food (positive
- 2Examples of classical conditioningappetitive conditioning (food preferences)
aversive conditioning (conditioned fear)
advertising (thoughts on a product) - 3What is Acquisition and ExtinctionAcquisition: repeated presentations of the CS with the US result in an increase in the CR (when the CS is presented.
Extinction: Repeated presentations of the CS alone following acquisition result in a reduction in the CR (when the CR is presented). - 4Instrumental/Operant Conditioninga method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior.
- 5What happened in Thorndike's puzzle boxin the box was a cat. He would leave food outside. Cat had to LEARN to press the lever to get food. --> Found gradual REDUCTION in how long it took cat to escape.
- 6How does this link to Thorndike's Law of Effect?Given a particular situation, if an action is met with satisfaction, the organism will be more likely to make the same action the next time it finds itself in that situation.
- 7What is radical behaviourism?Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behaviour. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods.
- 8What is Skinner’s Tripartite Contingency - ABCAntecedent: the stimulus controlling behaviour
Behaviour: What is the response being reinforced/punished?
Consequence: what is the immediate outcome of a behaviour? - 9What is Stimulus Control TheoryOur decisions and actions are controlled by S-R associations we have learned in the past (cf. experience of free will)
If we could know an organism’s entire learning history: we should be able to predict behaviour based on the stimuli present? - 10What was the Little Albert Experiment About?Watson and Rayner (1920) set out ot test generalisation of learned fear in an infant “Albert B”
--> conditioned fear of a rat - 11Discriminationthe extent to which behaviour does NOT transfer to a new stimulus.
Discrimination can be learned through training with different schedules of reinforcement - 12What is social learningWhen behaviour changes as a result of observing the behaviour of others
- 13Observational conditioningMonkeys in the wild have created a fear of snakes whereas lab raised monkeys are not normally afraid of snakes.
This is because being in the wild, they have acquired this fear through observation. - 14Preparedness for LearningCook and Mineka suggested there is a biological preparedness to learn fear about stimuli over others.
- 15Observational Instrumental LearningEmulation
Understanding there is a goal but not using the same method to gain access to the goal.
The specific response required to obtain the goal may not be well understood.
E.g. chimpanzees obtaining food with a rake
Imitation
Copying behaviour with reference to a goal.
Replication of the same response(s) made by the performer
E.g. infants solving two action tasks in the same manner as the demonstrator. - 16What is Social Facilitation?Learning from direct experience due to living in a social group or hierarchy
Goal enhancement → access to appetitive consequences facilitates later trial and error learning e.g access to cream is not usually readily available
Stimulus enhancement → Follow others in a group and being more likely to approach the same places e.g. the milk bottles. - 17How does Social Facilitation differ from Social Learning?In social facilitation, behaviour is changing NOT through observing the behaviour of others
Behaviour is changing via increased access to the goal, stimulus or motivation to act by following or being near others. - 18Learning is not...reflexes - automatic, fast
instincts - genetically determined
maturation - changes in body/behv.
fatigue - transient state of discomfort - 19Factors affecting conditioning- frequency
- intensity
- contiguity
- salience - 20Simplest forms of learning...Habituation --> Decreased responding produced by repeated stimulation.
Sensitisation --> Increased responding produced by repeated stimulation - 21What is motivation?Why individuals initiate, choose or persist in specific actions in specific circumstances
- 22What is Hebb's AnalogyUsed an analogy of a car to describe the relationship between motivation and innate and learned knowledgeoThe engine provides the power and the steering determines the direction in which both are needed for the movement of the car oMotivation provides the power and the innate or learned knowledge determines the direction in which both are needed for the behaviour of the individual
- 23What is a supernormal stimulus?Exaggerated version of a sign stimulus motivates stronger behavioural tendencies (e.g. maternal instinct.
- 24What are instincts and motivation?Fixed action patterns (and instincts generally) are not directly motivated by a consideration of the end goal
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- Year 1 PSYC1002 Fichas sobre T4 Learning, creado por Maree Sialepis el 23/10/2024.
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- Maree Sialepis
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