Flashcards
Thermodynamics
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- 1La termodinámica es la rama de la física que describe los estados de equilibrio termodinámico a nivel macroscópico. Around 1850 Rudolf Clausius and William Thomson (Kelvin) stated both the First Law - that total energy is conserved - and the Second Law of Thermodynamics. The Second Law was originally formulated in terms of the fact that heat does not spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter. Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy. In particular, it describes how thermal energy is converted to and from other forms of energy and how it affects matter.Heat is energy can be converted from one form to another, or transferred from one object to another. For example, a stove burner converts electrical energy to heat and conducts that energy through the pot to the water. This increases the kinetic energy of the water molecules, causing them to move faster and faster. At a certain temperature (the boiling point), the atoms have gained enough energy to break free of the molecular bonds of the liquid and escape as vapor.
- 2Heat Thermodynamics, then, is concerned with several properties of matter; foremost among these is heat. Heat is energy transferred between substances or systems due to a temperature difference between them, according to Energy Education. As a form of energy, heat is conserved, i.e., it cannot be created or destroyed. It can, however, be transferred from one place to another. Heat can also be converted to and from other forms of energy. For example, a steam turbine can convert heat to kinetic energy to run a generator that converts kinetic energy to electrical energy. A light bulb can convert this electrical energy to electromagnetic radiation (light), which, when absorbed by a surface, is converted back into heat.Temperature
The amount of heat transferred by a substance depends on the speed and number of atoms or molecules in motion, according to Energy Education. The faster the atoms or molecules move, the higher the temperature, and the more atoms or molecules that are in motion, the greater the quantity of heat they transfer.
Temperature is "a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter, expressed in terms of units or degrees designated on a standard scale," according to the American Heritage Dictionary. The most commonly used temperature scale is Celsius, which is based on the freezing and boiling points of water, assigning respective values of 0 degrees C and 100 degrees C. The Fahrenheit scale is also based on the freezing and boiling points of water which have assigned values of 32 F and 212 F, respectively. - 3Scientists worldwide, however, use the Kelvin (K with no degree sign) scale, named after William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, because it works in calculations. This scale uses the same increment as the Celsius scale, i.e., a temperature change of 1 C is equal to 1 K. However, the Kelvin scale starts at absolute zero, the temperature at which there is a total absence of heat energy and all molecular motion stops. A temperature of 0 K is equal to minus 459.67 F or minus 273.15 C.Applications of Thermodynamics Laws. Carnot, Stirling, Ericsson, Diesel cycles
Thermodynamics / By Haresh Khemani / Mechanical Engineering. - 4Thermodynamics is considered to be one of the most important parts of our day-to-day life. Whether you are travelling in any vehicle, sitting comfortably in your air-conditioned room, watching television etc, you will notice the applications of thermodynamics almost everywhere directly or indirectly.When Sadi Carnot, the boy considered to be the father of thermodynamics, proposed theorem and cycle, hardly anybody had imagined that his proposals will play such a major role in creation of automobiles that would become one of most important parts of the human life. The development of almost all types of engines can be traced to the Carnot Theorem and Carnot Cycle. At this stage of our life can we imagine the life without automobiles. Of course one cannot forget the importance of Stirling, Diesel, Otto and Ericsson also created their own independent cycles that resulted in more innovations and betterment of the automobiles.
- 5The study of thermodynamics involves various laws of thermodynamics that include: First Law of Thermodynamics, Second Law of Thermodynamics, Third Law of Thermodynamics, Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, Boyle’s law, Charles Law, etc. The foundation of these laws was laid by Sadi Carnot with his invention of the Carnot Cycle and Carnot Theorem. The study of these laws of thermodynamics help unravel numerous mysteries of the nature, not only for materialistic achievement, but also for gaining spiritual wisdom, for a number of these laws like the third law related to entropy helps understanding the secrets of existence of the human life.To understand various concepts of thermodynamics some important terms related to thermodynamics have to be understood. The study of the thermodynamics involves system and surroundings where all the experimentation is done for the discovery of the device. There are various types of thermodynamic processes that help implementing thermodynamic laws for various thermodynamic applications.
- 6Applications of Thermodynamics 1) All types of vehicles that we use, cars, motorcycles, trucks, ships, aeroplanes, and many other types work on the basis of second law of thermodynamics and Carnot Cycle. They may be using petrol engine or diesel engine, but the law remains the same.2) All the refrigerators, deep freezers, industrial refrigeration systems, all types of air-conditioning systems, heat pumps, etc work on the basis of the second law of thermodynamics.
3) All types of air and gas compressors, blowers, fans, run on various thermodynamic cycles. - 74) One of the important fields of thermodynamics is heat transfer, which relates to transfer of heat between two media. There are three modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection and radiation. The concept of heat transfer is used in wide range of devices like heat exchangers, evaporators, condensers, radiators, coolers, heaters, etc.5) Thermodynamics also involves study of various types of power plants like thermal power plants, nuclear power plants, hydroelectric power plants, power plants based on renewable energy sources like solar, wind, geothermal, tides, water waves etc,
- 86) Renewable energy is an important subject area of thermodynamics that involves studying the feasibility of using different types of renewable energy sources for domestic and commercial use.The list of the applications of thermodynamics is very long and if you want to mention the individual applications, these can be infinite. Thermodynamics involves the study of infinite universe and it indeed has infinite applications. No other field of study is as closely associated to human life as thermodynamics. For me the study of thermodynamics is the path to salvation.
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- Flashcards on Thermodynamics, created by Klever Ponce on 16/12/2018.
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