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Advaced Thoeries- Preguntas

Wendy Teran Spanish 69 cards

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  1. 1Week 1- Steve Smith"The United States and the Discipline of International Relations: "Hegemonic Country, Hegemonic Discipline"
  2. 24 Why does Emmanuel Adler sees constructivism as the "true middle ground" between rationalism and reflectivism? What is your opinion regarding this position?Constructivism could build a bridge between rationalism and reflectivism by developing a constructivist wing of the reflectivist tradition. Constructivism is not a closed study, rather it is an open one and it change. Therefore, it could be a true middle ground because it can take from one theory as well as another.
  3. 35 Based on the reading, what is the importance of empirical studies and the use of evidence in order to legitimate a theory?The author says that theories are biased by rationalist thinking, therefore empirical studies are necessary to legitimize theories. Keohane's criticism of reflectivism is that these theories are not testable. And for the study of IR, where realism is the strongest and hegemonic theory, it is very important. However, ontological documents are as valuable and legitimate as epistemological studies. Realism legitimizes their studies based on a positivist practice while constructuvism and reflectivism resort to ontological sources such as history and ideas.
  4. 4Parte 3Hans Morgenthau. Politics Among Nations. The Struggle for Power and Peace
  5. 511 For Morgenthau, why it is important to restraining influence of the moral climate? Which analogy did Morgenthau use to explain the influence of moral climate?Because the older set of christendam ideas - (moral) supplied a common framework for political contests and made posible to refer to the western as not merely a geographic unit but a cultural and moral entity.
    Morgenthau use an analogy of family comparing nations and international system as a "family of nations" that tool the continuing existence of a common framework of values for granted. Their aspirations and policies with regard to each other would go only as far as was compatible with the continuing existence of that common framework.
  6. 612 How political power can influence countries? Explain with an exampleThe involvement of a nation in international politics is one among many types of activities in which nations can participate on the extent involved in international politics.
    The relation of notions to international politics has a dynamic quality. It changes with the vicissitudes of power. However, one country could influence other countries because country A have some control or offer something that country B needs.
  7. 713 What are the origins of the depreciation of political power? Explain each root****The struggle for power was a temporary phenomenon. They started to see power as centre of conflicts. It was an alternative to absolutism and autocracy to an harmony and democracy countries with the absence of power struggle.
  8. 8Parte 4Kenneth N.Waltz - Theory of International Politics
  9. 916 Briefly explain the “inductivist illusion”, and why it can be treated as an independent variable?The inductivist illusion is the belief that truth is won and explanation achieved through the accumulation of more and more data and the examination of more and more cases. If we gather more and more data stablished more and more associations. Data never speaks for themselves observation and experience never lead directly to knowledge of causes. Data seeming facts, apparent associations. They may be puzzles that can explained; they may be trivia that need not be explained at all.
  10. 1017 Why the theoretical statements are nonfactual elements of a theory? Give an exampletheories are combinations of descriptive and nonfactual statesment. These, are nonfactual elements of a theory because they are not introduced freely or whimsically. They are not introduced in the ancient and medieval manner as fictions invented to save a theory. They are introduced only when they make explanation possible. The worth of a theoretical notion is judged by the usefulness of the theory of which it is a part. Theoretical notions enable us to make sense of the data; the data limit the freedom with which theoretical notions are invented. Theories create assumptions. Whether or not they are acceptable depends on the merit of the scientific structure of which they are part.
  11. 1118 Why treating states similar to economics entities is not a problem for International Political Theory?That poses no problem for international -political theory since international politics is mostly about inequalities anyway. So long as the major states are the major actors, the structure of international politics is defined in terms of them.
    States set the scene in which they along with non state actors, stage their dramas or carry on their monotonous affairs.
  12. 1220 How does the author describe anarchy and hierarchy? How are they represented in the international sphere?Hierarchy involves relations of super-and subordinations among a system's ports and that implies their differentiation. The states that are the units they perform. Anarchy involves relations of coordination among a endures states remain like units. International structures vary only variations in the capabilities of units.
  13. 13Parte 5Michael Doyle: Liberalism and the End of Cold War
  14. 1421 According to the text description, describe the categories of the following reasons of “How might the liberals explain world liberalization after the Cold War” (87-91:96-98)****;;;
  15. 1522 How institutions in the liberal theory are connected with the concept of liberal governance? How is the concept of ’liberal governance’ understood? (88)The idea of having free markets internationally is how institutions should work in a tie between liberal theory and liberal governance. Thus, states should not have any trade barrier. This concept is understood trough (a través) the four basic/essencial institutions as we mentioned in the question one.
  16. 1623 How Fukuyama‘s argument of ‘End of history‘ explains that liberalism has resolved all the contradictions of life? (90 - 92)First, liberalism, which means political democracy and consumer capitalism, has resolved all the contradictions of life for which, throughout the course of history, individuals have been prepared to fight. With democracy, economic productivity and the new ways to innovate we have satisfied the cravings for both freedom and wealth. Liberalism has achieved a strikingly simultaneous combination of social and psycho-moral stabilizations. Second, communism and all other rival forms of political identity, are finished. They have failed to satisfy either the desire for freedom or the desire for wealth.
  17. 17Parte 6Andrew Moravcsik- Taking Preferences Seriously: A lineral Theory of International Politics
  18. 1825 Which are the three major variants of liberal theory?***1. Ideational liberalism stresses: The impact on state behavior of conflict and compatibility among collective social values or identities concerning the scope and nature of public goods provision
    2. Comercial liberalism stresses: The impact on state behavior of gains and losses to individuals and groups in society from transnational economic interchange
    3. Republican liberalism stresses: the impact on state behavior of varying forms of domestic representation and the resulting incentives for social groups to engage in rent seeking.
  19. 1926 Which are those assumptions that are appropriate foundations of any social theory of IR?1. The Primacy of Societal Actors:
    The fundamental actors in international politics are individuals and private groups, who are on the average rational and risk-averse an who organize exchange and collective action to promote differentiated interests under constraints imposed by material scarcity, conflicting values, and variations in societal influence.
  20. 2026 Which are those assumptions that are appropriate foundations of any social theory of IR?2: Representation and State Preferences
    States (or other political institutions) represent some subset of domestic society, on the basis of whose interests state officials define state preferences and act purposively in world politics.
    In the liberal conception of domestic politics, the state is not an actor but a representative institution constantly subject to capture and recapture, construction and reconstruction by coalitions of social actors. Individuals turn to the state to achieve goals that private behavior is unable to achieve efficiently.
  21. 2126 Which are those assumptions that are appropriate foundations of any social theory of IR?3. Interdependence and the International System
    For liberals, the behavior reflects varying patterns of state preferences. States require a “purpose cooperation, or take any other significant foreign policy action. The precise nature of these stakes drives policy. Liberal theory rejects not just the realist assumption that state preferences must be treated as if they were partially convergent, compromising a collective action problem. To the contrary, liberals casually privilege variation in the configuration of state preferences, while treating configurations of capabilities and information as if they were either fixed constraints or endogenous to state preferences.
  22. 2227 What is the theory of liberal conception based on?The liberal conception of power is based on an assumption more consistent with basic theories of bargaining and negotiation than those underlying realism: namely that willingness of states to expend resources or make concessions is itself primarily a function of preferences, not capabilities. The capability- based power to threaten central to realism enters the equation in specific circumstances and only through linkage to threats an side-payments
  23. 2329 There are readers who object tu using the term liberal to distinguish this restatement. Such potential critics fall into two groups. In which group do you think you would belong as a reader? Why?One group is likely to find this formulation of liberal theory to narrow, the other too broad.
    1. Critics that will protest that this restatement fails to acknowledge the full richness of the intellectual history and in particular the normative implications of liberalism
    2. Critics of this group will complain that liberalism has too many definitions as it stands, most too vogue to be useful. This criticism is semantic rather than substantive.
    I think that is necessary a correct and definitive definition of liberalism to establish any argument in a correct way. This vague definition make open to anybody to use "liberalism" as themself interests.
  24. 24Parte 7Hedley Bull. The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics.
  25. 2530 How does the author define a society of states? What do states share with each other?It exists when a group of states, conscious of certain common interests and common values, form a society in the sense that they conceive themselves to be a bound by a common set of rules in their relations with one another, and share in the working of common institutions. They share common interests and values, respecting themselves in terms of independence and agreements.
  26. 2631 According to the text, explain 2 of the elementary, primary, and universal goals for the international order? (2 de los 5 estudiar bien)1. The goal of preservation of the system and society of states itself. The society of states has sought to ensure that it will remain the prevailing form of universal political organization, in fact and in right.
    2. The goal of maintaining the independence of external sovereignty of individual states. From the perspective of any particular state what it chiefly hopes to gain from participation in the society of states is recognition of its independences of outside authority.
    3. The goal of peace. It is meant as the maintenance of peace in the sense of the absence of war among member states of the international society as the normal condition of their relationship.
  27. 2731 According to the text, explain 2 of the elementary, primary, and universal goals for the international order? (2 de los 5 estudiar bien)4. The goal of limitation of violence. State cooperate so as to maintain their monopoly of violence, and deny the right to employ it to other groups. States also accept limitations on their own right to use violence, at a minimum they accept that they shall not kill one another's envoys or messengers, that would make impossible communication.
    5. The goal of keeping promises. Cooperation becomes tangible when agreements can fulfilt their purposes and functions, like in social life too.
  28. 2833 How does the Hobbesian tradition describe international relations?The Hobbesian tradition describes international relations as a state of war of all against all, an arena of struggle in which each state is put against every other. It represents pure conflict between states and resemble a game that is wholly distributive or zero-sum; the interests of each state exclude the interests of any other. It's particular activity is war itself, and peace is period of recuperation from the last war and preparation for the next.
  29. 2934 Which are the elements of the modern international system? Does one of them dominates the other?a. Hobessian: the element of war and struggle of power among states
    b. Kantian: the element of transnational solidarity and conflict
    c. Grotian: the element of cooperation and regulated intercourse among states.
    Some dominate the others depending in the circumstances the international system has on the field and background of its reality
  30. 30Parte 9Friedrich Kratochwil- Rules, Norms and Decisions. On the Conditions of Practical and Legal Reasoning in International Relations and Domestic Affairs
  31. 3135 Explain the three criteria used to asses the utility of the regimeIn assessing the utility of the regime approach for the study of norms the author uses three criteria. 1. Usefulness, this is the ability of the approach to pose interesting puzzles. 2. The conceptual elaboration, this is appropriateness (or lack) of concepts to capture the phenomena under the study. And 3, the explanatory power, this is most clearly exemplified by the impact of norms on decisions as well as by patterns of deviance or of regime adaptation.
  32. 3236 What is a regime?Regimes are sets of implicit or explicit principle, norms, rules and decision-making procedures around which actors expectations converge in a given area of international relations. They are the result of accretion and incremental choices.
  33. 3337 Why the relationship between rules, norms and principles in the international relations does not exist?There are two reasons.
    1. Regimes are usually the result of incremental choices. Consequently there is neither a deliberate design nor consensual knowledge, as in economic theory, which clearly links principles and norms. One suspects therefore that the special case of economic is highly misleading when taken as the paradigm for the normative components of regimes in general.
    2. Even when regimes are explicitly negotiated and thus some purpose or underlying will can be constructed most explicitly negotiated regimes serve to several purposes. Some more specific rules or norms might be compatible with one legitimate purpose, leaving us often at a loss in determining what type of trade-offs were intended by negotiations.
  34. 3438 What are the three ordering functions of norms?First, by "ruling out" certain methods of individual goal seeking through the stipulation of patience, norms define the area within conflict can be bounded. Second, whithin the restricted set of permissible goals and strategies, rules which take the actors goals as a given can create schemes of schedules for individual or joint enjoyment of scarce objects.
    Third, norms enable the parties whose goals and/ or strategies conflict to sustain a "discourse" on their complaint, to negotiate a solution, or to ask a third party for decision on the basis of commonly accepted rules, norms, and principles.
  35. 35Parte 10Alexander Wendt. Anarchy is What states make of it
  36. 3640. Alexander criticizes neoliberal and neorealist theories. According to the author, what assumption about the agents have in common these two theories?Neorealist and neoliberals share generally similar assumptions about agents: states are dominant actors in the system and they define security in "self- interested" terms. Neorealist and neoliberals may disagree about the extent to which states are motivated by relative gains, but both groups take the self-interest state as the starting point of theory
  37. 3742 In a relatively stable environment for what two reasons system could resist the change?The fact that worlds of power politics are socially constructed does not mean that they are malleable, for two main reasons.
    1. Any social system confronts each of its members as an objective social fact that reinforces certain behaviors and discourages others. Self-help systems, tend to reward competition and punish altruism. The possibility of change depends on whether the exigencies of such competition leave room for actions. If they do not, the system will be reproduce and deviant actors will not.
    2. The systemic change may also be inhibited by actors interests in maintaining relatively stable role indentities. Such interests are manifested in efforts to confirm existing beliefs about the social world, but also the desire to avoid the expected costs of breaking commitments made to others. The level of resistance that these commitments induce will depend on the prominence of particular role identities to the actor.
  38. 3843 In which ways understandings of security and power politics are transformed by practices of sovereignty??Practices of sovereignty will transform understandings of security and power politics in at least three ways.
    1. States will come to define their security in terms of preserving their property rights over particular territories. The territory is equally to the survival of the state or its people.
    2. When states successfully internalize sovereignty norms, they will be more respectful toward the territorial rights of others. This is because the costs of violating sovereignty norms, but also when violators do get punished it reminds everyone of what these costs can be. But as a part of what sovereign means that a state needs a cause to violate the territorial of others.
    3. The ways of socialization teaches states that their sovereignty depends on recognition by other states, they can afford to rely more on the international system with institutions and less on individual national means to protect their security.
  39. 3944 How stages might transform a competitive security system into a cooperative one?1. First stage is the breakdown of consensus about identity commitments. This reduce the external costs of role change. As Soviet Union case, when its political legitimacy declines it paved the way for radical leadership transition with a concerning relations with the West.
  40. 4044 How stages might transform a competitive security system into a cooperative one?2. The second stage it is a critical examination of old ideas. In periods of relatively stable role identities, ideas and structures may become materialize and thus treated as things that exist independently of social action. The second stage is one of denaturalization. the result of such critique should be an identification of new possible selves and aspirations.
  41. 4144 How stages might transform a competitive security system into a cooperative one?3. This paves the third stage of new practice. In order to change the self, it is often necessary to change identities and interests of the others that help sustain those systems of interaction.
  42. 4244 How stages might transform a competitive security system into a cooperative one?4. The vehicle for inducing such change is one's practice. In particular the practice of "altercasting". Altercasting is a technique of ego control and tactics. This concept refers to conscious efforts to change identity on the part of the states. By introducing a new practice the action of state A will have an impact on state B at which the new practice is aimed. Altercasting, therefore be understood as the attempt to induce state B to take on a new identity by "treating it as if it already had that identity".
  43. 43Parte 11Steve Smith - Epistemology, Postmodernism and International Relations Theory: A Reply to Osterud
  44. 4445 Why Osterud is worry about postmodernism in IR theory?He is worry about the postmodernism because threatens the very basis of academic scholarship, this means, that he postmoderns retreat from basic norms fo science and professional scholarship
  45. 4546 Postmodernism leads to erode the spirit of Enlightenment?No, because the postmodernism is trying to back to principal purpose of Enlightenment by which they mean focusing on how to use knowledge to improve the human condition rather than becoming bogged down in epistemology
  46. 4647 How does Osterud divide postmodernism? For the author, the division of postmodernism that Osterud does is adequate?Osterud divides postmodernism into two groups. Hard core and moderate; then, he classifies the moderates as saying nothing new, and the hard core group as undermining knowledge. For the author these divisions are not adequate because these categories produce the two- step move that get him to the conclusion he has previously introduced into the claims and features that he has imposed on the categories.
  47. 4749. According to the author, what alternatives does postmodernism offer? ***Postmodernism offers alternatives to the dominance of a very restrictive positivism,
    a methodology licensed by a stark empiricist epistemology that combines with it to determine the ontology of the world of international relations.
  48. 48Parte 12.Ayoob - “Inequality and Theorizing in International Relations: The Case for Subaltern Realism.”
  49. 4950 What are the two issues that International Relations should be able to explain?● The origins of the majority of current conflicts in the international system
    ● The variables determining the domestic and external behavior of the majority of members of the international society regarding conflict and order, as well as matters of war and peace.
  50. 5051 What are the two main problems of neorealism and neoliberalism regarding context? Briefly explain.● They neglect a major part of the political universe that must form the basis of observation (the source of ‘data’, as scientifically oriented scholars would aver)to provide answers to the question of war and peace.
    ● The predominant theories in International Relations try to portray themselves as ‘scientific’, and encourage the misleading conclusion that they are the repositories of ‘universal’ laws that transcend time and space.
    - In their pursuit of ‘scientism’. neorealism and neoliberalism, have lost substantially the sense of both geography (limited as their universe is in terms of geographic locale) and history (including the history of the geographic area from which they draw much of their data).
  51. 5152. Explain the ‘false sense of mutuality’.The neoliberal emphasis on absolute gains as the primary beneficial outcome of cooperation within an anarchical system assumes much interdependence and a high degree of identification with each other among actors engaged in cooperation. It also assumes economic affluence and societal cohesion within these units and, above all, territorial satiation in their relationship with each other. There is a neglection towards the fact that most Third World (Global South) states are economically and militarily far too dependent on their external benefactors to benefit substantially from relationships based on the notion of absolute gains.
  52. 5253 What is the fundamental difference between the modern European in comparison with the the Third World?The major difference was that during much of the relevant period in Europe the distinction between internal and external wars was far fuzzier that has been the case during the half century because territorial domains were continually contested and charged hands often.
  53. 5354 What do you understand about subaltern realism? PREGUNTA DE EXAMENSubaltern realism is the approach that include periphery. The issues relating to the maintenance and creation of the domestic order and those of international order are inextricably intertwined, especially in the arena of conflict and security. It also assumes that domestic order issues, primarily connect with state-making enterprise with state, must receive analytica priority of we are to explain successfully most current conflicts in the international system because they are primary determinants of such conflicts. Also, issues of domestic order and conflict are not immune to either regional or global external influences, especially given the permeability of the majority of stats to external political and economic actors.
  54. 54P13Yosef Lapid. “The Third Debate: On the Prospects of International Theory in a Post-Positivist Era.”
  55. 5555 According to the author, how is the new intellectual exchange done?The new intellectual exchange is no longer between individual scholars, rather now the exchange is done through between models, paradigms, research programs, research traditions, discourses.
  56. 5656 What are the three ramifications that the mass movement towards relativism has had? Explain briefly.First, all versions of methodological monism seeking to institutionalize standardized, explicit and specific criteria for regulating scientific domains including the positivist conception of the scientific method have been rendered suspect by this new intellectual climate.
    Second, the growing recognition of a multitude of potentially fruitful research strategies also has facilitated a better understanding of science as a polymorphic as opposed to monolithic entity. As the end product of scientific activity, social knowledge is now more typically seen as a complex or equally privileged but only loosely integrable forms.
    Finally, the post positivist endorsement of epistemological and methodological diversity has undermined the classic fascination with scientific consensus, resulting in a new wave preoccupation with scientific dissensus.
  57. 57P.14Nicholas Onuf. World of Our Making. Rules and Rule in Social Theory and International Relations
  58. 5857 According to the author why rules exists?Rules exist only because people make them up and then accord them facticity. There is not law but "positive law". Although the disctintion between nature and convention goes back to the Sophists and the alignment of justice with nature to Platon, positivism draws the line differently
  59. 5958 What are the two aspects of any rule formulation?Two aspects of any rule formulation:
    1. A description of the class of actions, possibly restricted to actions performed by a designates class of persons
    2. An indication whether that class of actions is required, forbidden, or allowed
  60. 6059 Why Onuf says that speech acts and the consequent language game are powerful?The resulting speech acts and language games are powerful because, as Onuf argues, they can be used to represent and perform actions. However, the statement that the meaning of a speech act or the influence of a language game is determined by observing the underlying rules is crucial here. The rules are what give and constitute the meaning of what we say and do
  61. 6160 In Onuf's analysis speech acts can be clustered intro 3, mention each one and describe one briefly.In Onuf's analysis, speech can be grouped into 3.
    1. Assertive expressions include naming, declaring, or informing. 2. The directives are usually identified through articulations such as request, order or send. 3. The commissions, meanwhile, adopt expressions that promise, compromise or force someone to do something.
  62. 6261 Write the definition of the following terms**Instruction - rules: The rules of instruction make statements or offer instructions on particular states of affairs.
    Directive rules: The directive rules issue orders and specify consequences for disobeying the rules.
    Commitment -rules: The rules of commitment specify rights and duties that commit speakers to a future course of action.
  63. 6362 What is the main difference between the second and third debates?***There is a recognition that the third debate marks a clear end to the positivist epistemological consensus that was hardly shaken in the course of the history versus science controversy whereas the second debate is typically expected to facilitate trailblazing ideas about nature and progression of knowledge in the international relations field.
  64. 6463 What is the main hypothesis of the women and peace theory ? how can the role of man be interpreted? Explain what this hypothesis assures.***The main hypothesis is that women are more peaceful than man in their approach to international relations. Competition, compellence, dominance, violence, intransigence, and territoriality are thus associated with a “male” approach to human relations, including relations among sovereign states, whereas moderation, accommodation, compromise, tolerance, and pacifism are seen as a “ female” perspective on world affairs.
  65. 6564 What are the reasons for which the hypothesis of women and peace theory can be sustained according to the authors? What are the criticisms of these arguments?***- Experience of motherhood: traditionally “female” attributes of caring and nurturance.
    - “Moral motherhood”: which asserts that women as mothers have a responsibility to eliminate violence as a means for the resolution of conflict and to put in its place an orientation toward “maternal thinking” and “preservative love”.
    - Other “female” experiences: because of the women historical context they are committed to values of freedom and equality.
  66. 6665 ¿ How the intrusion of foreign culture, can affect national identity, interest security and policies?***first, we argue that the security environment in which state are embedded are in important part cultural and institutional, rather than just material. this contrasts with the assumption made by neorealism and many students of the domestic sources of national security policy. in their view, international and domestic environment are largely devoid of cultural and institutional elements and therefore are best captured by materialist imageri like the balance of power or bureaucratic politics. second we argue that cultural environment affect not only incentives for different kinds of states behavior but also the basic character of states is what we call state identity
  67. 6766 Briefly explain what are the dichotomy of these concepts: environmental, structure, identity, interests, policy.?***The identity, environment, structure, norms and culture matter. they impure, furthermore, a higher cultural and institutional content to environments than do the more materialist views informing, for example neorealist explanation. furthermore, the insistence on socially constructed and contested actor identities militates against the rationalis imagery informing most neorealism and neoliberal theories, which take identity as unproblematic.the identity of determined society have important impact to interest security, all around environment and how structure can defined the identity and culture.
  68. 6867 Explain why realism is the most successful theory for the issue of national security?***Is simply basically because the world is guided by anarchy, in national security depend especially from domestic interest against the system anarchy. another important thing is about the deterrence and persuasion against other countries and how each country defend his own territory, regardless of the rest.
  69. 69—

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Flashcards on Advaced Thoeries- Preguntas, created by Wendy Teran on 09/12/2019.
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