Flashcards
Ch. 3 key terms (18-...)
Cards in this deck (29)
- 1hydrolysisChemical process in which a molecule of water is added to a substance.
- 2inorganicThis type of molecule lacks carbon atoms or hydrogen atoms. Less diverse and much simpler than organic molecules.
- 3lipidDiverse group of molecules that contain regions composed almost entirely of hydrogen and carbon. With non-polar -carbon and carbon- hydrogen bonds.
- 4monomerIndividual subunits that form longer molecules such as starches or proteins.
- 5monosaccharideA carbohydrate that consists of just one sugar molecule.
- 6nucleic acidBio-polymers, or large bio-molecules, essential to all known forms of life. The term nucleic acid is the overall name for DNA and RNA. Composed of nucleotides.
- 7nucleotideOrganic molecule. It is the building block of DNA and RNA. They have functions related to cell signaling, metabolism, and enzyme reactions.
- 8oilUsed primarily as energy-storage molecule like fats. Contains more tan twice as many calories per gram as do carbohydrates and proteins.
- 9organicCompounds composed of carbon, hydrogen and often oxygen or nitrogen. Associated with living organisms. Include carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins.
- 10peptideShort chain of amino acids. Distinguished from proteins by their shorter length.
- 11peptide bondThis forms when nitrogen in the amino group of one amino acid is joined to the carbon in the carboxylic acid group of another amino acid by a single covalent bond (peptide bond), and water is liberated.
- 12phospholipidclass of lipids whose molecule has a hydrophilic "head" containing a phosphate group, and two hydrophobic "tails" derived from fatty acids, joined by a glycerol molecule.
- 13pleated sheetA series of anti-parallel chains of covalently-linked amino acids, with adjacent chains linked by hydrogen bonds.
- 14polymerThese are chains of monomers.
- 15polysaccharidelarge molecule made of many smaller monosaccharides
- 16primary structureThe simplest level of protein structure. Simply the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
- 17proteinMacronutrient that is essential to building muscle mass. It is commonly found in animal products, and in nuts and legumes. Macronutrients provide calories, or energy.
- 18quaternary structureExists in proteins consisting of two or more identical or different polypeptide chains (subunits). These proteins are called oligomers because they have two or more subunits.
- 19ribonucleic acid (RNA)Unlike DNA, RNA is single-stranded. An RNA strand has a backbone made of alternating sugar (ribose) and phosphate groups. Attached to each sugar is one of four bases--adenine (A), uracil (U), cytosine (C), or guanine (G).
- 20saturatedIn a fatty acid chain, if there are only single bonds between neighboring carbons in the hydrocarbon chain, the fatty acid is said to be saturated.
- 21secondary structureRefers to regular, recurring arrangements in space of adjacent amino acid residues in a polypeptide chain. It is maintained by hydrogen bonds between amide hydrogens and carbonyl oxygens of the peptide backbone.
- 22starchWhite, granular, organic chemical that is produced by all green plants. Starch is a polysaccharide comprising glucose monomers joined in α 1,4 linkages. The simplest form of starch is the linear polymer amylose.
- 23steroidBiologically active organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration. Steroids have two principal biological functions: as important components of cell membranes which alter membrane fluidity; and as signaling molecules.
- 24sugarRefers to sucrose, which is a disaccharide made of two monosaccharides: glucose and fructose. Sucrose is the form of sugar that many people are familiar with.
- 25tertiary structureThe overall three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide.
- 26trans fatType of unsaturated fat (monounsaturated or polyunsaturated). Trans fats occur naturally, in small quantities, in meat and dairy products from ruminants.
- 27triglycerideEnergy-rich compound, serves as energy storage. Consists of a glycerol and three fatty acids. The three hydroxyl groups of glycerol in triglyceride are all esterified. Major component of animal and plant oils and fats.
- 28unsaturatedA fat that contains a carbon-carbon double bond, or a fat containing unsaturated fatty acids, such a fatty acid has double or triple covalent bonds and is thus able to add more atoms.
- 29waxWaxes are a type of long chain nonpolar lipid. Waxes are synthesized by many animals and plants.
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- Flashcards on Ch. 3 key terms (18-...), created by Natalia Morales Imeri on 12/03/2021.
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