Flashcards
Flachcards Ch. 8
Cards in this deck (49)
- 1radical behaviorisma label that has been given to B. F. Skinner's point of view (p.188)
- 2empiricismall knowledge originates in experience (p. 188)
- 3classical conditioninga form of learning in which a response becomes associated with previously neutral stimulus (p.189)
- 4unconditioned stimulusa stimulus that normally elicits a particular automatic response (p. 189)
- 5conditioned stimulusa previously neutral stimulus that becomes associated with a response (p.189)
- 6conditioned responsea response that becomes associated with a stimulus through learning (p. 189)
- 7behaviorisma movement in psychology founded by John Watson, who suggested that psychologists should focus their attention on the study of overt behavior (p. 189)
- 8law of effectstates that when a behavior or performance is accompanied by satisfaction, it tends to happen again (p. 189)
- 9habitsome kind of learned association between a stimulus and a response that makes them occur together frequently (p. 190)
- 10drive reductionthe primary dynamic underlying personality development and the acquisition of habits (p. 190)
- 11drivea strong stimulation that produces discomfort such as, hunger (p. 190)
- 12primary drivesthose associated with physiological processes that are necessary for an organism's survival (p. 191)
- 13secondary driveslearned on the basis of primary ones (p. 191)
- 14reinforcerany event that increases the likelihood of a particular response (p. 191)
- 15primary reinforcersthose that reduce primary drives (p. 191)
- 16secondary reinforcersoriginally neutral, but they acquire reward value when they are associated with primary reinforcers (p. 191)
- 17reflexresponses are automatic responses to specific stimuli (p. 191)
- 18hierarchy responserefers to a tendency for certain responses to occur before others (p. 191)
- 19a cuea specific stimulus that tells an organism when, where, and how to respond (p. 191)
- 20responseone's reaction to the cue (p. 191)
- 21reinforcementrefers to the effect of the response (p. 191)
- 22extinctionextinction does not eliminate a response but merely inhibits it (p. 191)
- 23learning dilemmatry different responses until one is developed that satisfies drives (p. 191)
- 24frustrationoccurs when one is unable to reduce a drive because the response that would satisfy it has been blocked (p. 192)
- 25conflictif frustration arises from a situation in which incompatible responses are occurring at the same time (p. 192)
- 26infrahuman specieshave shown that we can be quite successful in predicting the behavior of simple laboratory animals under controlled conditions (p. 192)
- 27unconscious processesthe importance of unconscious forces underlying human behavior (p. 194)
- 28reciprocal inhibitionentails the introduction of a competitive response that will interfere with the original maladaptive response (p. 196)
- 29systematic desensitizationwhich a patient is conditioned to stop responding to a stimulus in an undesired manner and to substitute to a new response (p. 196)
- 30species specific behaviorbehaviors that occur in all members of a species (p. 196)
- 31overt behaviorbehavior that can be observed by an external observer (p.198)
- 32reinforcementanything that increases the likelihood of a response (p. 198)
- 33respondent behaviorrefers to reflexes or automatic responses that are elicited by stimuli (p. 199)
- 34operant behaviorsresponses emitted without a stimulus necessarily being present (p. 199)
- 35operant conditioningfar greater significance than simple classical conditioning (p. 199)
- 36shapingdeliberately shaped or molded the organism's behavior in order to achieve the desired behavior (p. 200)
- 37discriminationthe ability to tell the difference between stimuli that are and are not reinforced (p. 200)
- 38generalizationthe application of a response learned in one situation to a different but similar situation (p. 200)
- 39continuous reinforcementthe desired behavior is reinforced each time that it occurs (p. 200)
- 40interval reinforcementthe organism is reinforced after a certain time period has elapsed, regardless of the response rate (p. 200)
- 41ratio reinforcementthe rate of reinforcement is determined by the number of appropriate responses that the organism emits (p. 202)
- 42fixedthe number of responses required prior to reinforcement is stable and unchanging (p. 202)
- 43variablethe number of appropriate operant behaviors that must occur prior to reinforcement changes from time to time (p. 202)
- 44generalized conditioned reinforcerssuch as praise and affection , have the power to reinforce a great number of different behaviors (p.202)
- 45positive reinforcementa behavior is followed by a situation that increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring in the future (p. 202)
- 46negative reinforcementcomes about when a behavior is followed by the termination of an unpleasant situation (p. 202)
- 47punishmentoccurs when a behavior is followed by an unpleasant situation designed to eliminate it (p. 202)
- 48satitationentails permitting the behavior to occur until the individual tires of it (p. 202)
- 49behavior modificationseeks to eliminate undesired behaviors by changing the environment within which they occur (p. 203)
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- Flashcards on Flachcards Ch. 8, created by Bianca Carrillo on 03/10/2017.
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