Flashcards
Chapter 8: Experimental Analysis of Behavior
Cards in this deck (50)
- 1empiricismphilosophical POV – suggests all knowledge originates in experience
- 2classical conditioning- Ivan Pavlov conditioned dogs to salivate when he rang a bell after he repeatedly presented food to them with a bell ringing
- unconditioned stimulus
- unconditioned response
- neutral stimulus
- conditioned stimulus
- conditioned response - 3law of effect- Edwin Thorndike
- states that when a behavior/performance = accompanied by frustration it tends to decrease; if performance = accompanied by frustrations, tends to decrease - 4John Dollard- AB from University of Wisconsin
- MA and PhD from University of Chicago
- primary interests were sociology and anthropology
- died in 1980 - 5Neal Miller- BS from University of Washington
- MA from Stanford
- PhD from Yale
- 1964 – received National Medal of Science (highest scientific honor given in the US - from President Lyndon B. Johnson)
- died in 2002 - 6habitsome kind of learned association between stimulus and a response that makes them occur together frequently
- 7drive reductionprimary dynamic underlying personality development and acquisition of habits
- 8drivestrong stimulation that produces discomfort
- ie: hunger - 9primary drivesassociated w physiological processes that are necessary for organism’s survival
- 10secondary driveslearned on the basis of primary ones
- elaborations of the primary drives (Dollard & Miller)
- ie: being motivated to eat at one’s usual dinner hour or wanting to earn money to buy food - 11reinforcerany event that increases likelihood of a particular response
- 12primary reinforcersthose that reduce primary drives
- ie: food, water, need for sleep - 13secondary reinforcersoriginally neutral but acquire reward value when they are associated w primary reinforcers
- ie: money - 14reflex responsesautomatic responses to specific stimuli
- 15hierarchy of responsetendency for certain responses to occur before others - order of responses
- ie: an animal runs to avoid a shock rather than cringe and bear it in pain
- if a response = unsuccessful an organism will try next response in the hierarchy - 16learning processfour main conceptual parts:
1- drive
2- cue—specific stimulus that tells organism when, where, and how to respond
3- response—one’s reaction to the cue
4- reinforcement—refers to effect of response; if response is not reinforced by satisfying a drive, it will undergo extinction (doesn’t eliminate response just inhibits it, allowing another response to grow stronger and supersede it in response hierarchy; learning dilemma—happens when present responses aren’t reinforcing; indiv. will try different responses until one is developed that satisfies the drive) - 17frustrationwhen one is unable to reduce a drive bc the response that would satisfy it has been blocked
- 18conflictwhen frustration arises from situation in which incompatible responses are occurring at the same time
- 19approach-approach conflictindiv. is attracted to two positive goals at the same time
- 20avoidance-avoidance conflictperson faces two unpleasant alternatives
- 21approach-avoidance conflictone goal is attractive but also unattractive
- 22double approach-avoidance conflictan indiv. has multiple goals but they are attractive and unattractive at the same time
- 234 critical training stages in childhood development (Dollard & Miller)- feeding situation in infancy
- cleanliness training
- early sex training
- training for control of anger and aggression - 24suppressionthe conscious deliberate stopping of a thought or action
- 25reciprocal inhibitionentails introduction of competitive response that’ll interfere w the original maladaptive response
- 26systematic desensitizationa patient is conditioned to stop responding to a stimulus in an undesired manner and to substitute a new response
- 27BF Skinner - biographical background- excellent student – majored in English at Hamilton College
- decided couldn’t write bc he “had nothing important to say”
- got PhD in psychology at Harvard
- taught at University of Minnesota for 9 years
- was chairman of the psychology department at Indiana University
- died in 1990 after battle w leukemia - 28overt behaviorcan be completely comprehended in terms of responses to factors in the environment
- 29reinforcementanything that increases the likelihood of a response
- 30respondent behaviorreflexes or automatic responses that are elicited by stimuli
- behaviors are unlearned – occur involuntarily and automatically - 31operant behaviorsresponses emitted w/out a stimulus necessarily being present
- freely made by the organism - 32shapingSkinner’s technique to shape or mold an organism’s behavior in order to achieve a desired behavior
- 33discriminationability to tell the difference between stimuli that are and aren’t reinforced
- 34generalizationapplication of a response learned in one situation to a different but similar situation
- 353 schedules of reinforcement1. continuous reinforcement
2. interval reinforcement
3. ratio reinforcement - 36continuous reinforcementdesired behavior is reinforced each time that it occurs
- extremely effective in initially developing and strengthening a behavior - 37interval reinforcementorganism is reinforced after a certain time period has elapsed regardless of the response rate
- may occur on a fixed or variable basis - 38fixedsame time period elapses (ie: 5 mins)
- 39variabletime periods may differ in length
- 40ratio reinforcementrate of reinforcement is determined by number of appropriate responses the organism emits
- may be fixed or variable - 41generalized conditioned reinforcers(ie: praise and affection) are learned and have the power to reinforce a great number of different behaviors
- 42positive reinforcementoccurs when a behavior is followed by a situation that increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring in the future
- 43negative reinforcementwhen a behavior is followed by the termination of an unpleasant situation increasing the likelihood of that behavior in similar situations
punishment = occurs when a behavior - 44punishmentoccurs when a behavior is followed by an unpleasant situation designed to eliminate it
- 45satiationpermitting a behavior to occur until the indiv. tires of it
- 46behavior modificationseeks to eliminate undesired behaviors by changing the environment w/in which they occur
- 47token economytokens of some kind that can be exchanged for special privileges are used to reinforce appropriate behaviors
- 48Walden IIbehaviorally engineered society designed by a benevolent psychologist who employed a program of positive reinforcements
- 49psychological behaviorismdetailed theory of personality that translates personality concepts into behavioral language
- 50time-outavoids aversive punishment to eliminate undesired behavior by simply removing indiv. from situation in which the undesired behavior is occurring
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- Flashcards on Chapter 8: Experimental Analysis of Behavior, created by Juliana Ayala Garcilazo on 04/10/2017.
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- Juliana Ayala Garcilazo
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