108633
| Question | Answer |
| Types of non-conformists; anti-conformity is when a person acts in opposition to rules or group norms and an independant person is when you see what others are doing but don't let it influence you Situational factors have a strong influence on independant behaviour Eg when the authority of the experimenter is challenged or increasing the proximity of the victim (milgram) | Gamson, fireman + Rytina 1982 to explore factors that encourage rebellion |
| Why people disobeyed in Gamsons study; Smith + Mackie 2000; The importance of the group (with similar views) In Gamsons study the P's established a strong group identity | Reactance against unjust attempts to limit freedom of choice Systematic processing; rebellion is more likely when people are able to take time to think about what they are being asked to do |
| Individual differences in independant behaviour; Oliner+Oliner 1988 found the rescuers of jews during the holocaust scored higher on measures of social responsibility+had scores demonstrating an internal locus of control Other studies have supported these findings=these characteristics may be important factors in an individuals ability to disobey orders | Locus of control(Rotter 1966); Measuring an individuals sense of personal control over events in their life using a scale At one end; those with a strong internal locus of control (believe they can influence what happens in their life) At the other end; eternal locus of control (believe that outside factors (luck and fate) have strongly influence Atgis 1998; meta-analysis of studies on locus of control+conformity=high external locus of control=more likely to conform Average correlation; 0.37; higher rates of conformity in externals |
| Developing independant behaviour; Nemeth+Chiles Moscovici's method 48 males in groups of 5 (4 P's 1 confederate) asked to judge the colour of a series of blue slides 4 conditions using consistent + non-consistent confederates who called all or some slides green The same P's then returned to the lab after for another task using red slides + 4 confederates (majority) who called all the slides orange | Those who gave a different answer in the first half were more likely to stand there ground in the second half=exposure to a model of independant behaviour can influence conformity |
| Improving group status through social change Hogg + Vaughan 2000 define social change as the idea that a lower status individual can improve their social identity by challenging the legitamacy of the higher status groups position The individual that belongs to a lower status group has 2 choices; 1 social mobility;joining another group, which is easier in western society where group boundaries are relatively permeable | 2 social action, where group boundaries less permeable (India) or where there is emotional attachments; improving the status of the group This involves social creativity(Group attempts to redefine their attributes Eg the black is beautiful campaign) or social competition(group takes social action by challenging the powerful majority group Eg the government to change the social conditions that disadvantage them ) |
| Thought reform; Used in China to change political views+accept communism Lifton 1957 wrote about 3 stage indoctrination programme in 'revolutionary colleges' for students to accept communism 1 small discussion groups; State their views Hearing others talk of their hatred for the old regime Lecture on the new ideologies 2 Becomes personal+ emotional Pressure to adopt 'correct' view 3 students had to prepare a confession (5000-25000 words)=read to study group, renouncing old beliefs +embracing new ideologies | Social influence techniques applied to indoctrination of prisoners of war 21000 UN soldiers captured by Chinese (Korean War) Range of techniques used to convert them to accept communism The soldiers were viewed as 'political students'+the guards saw themselves as 'tutors' They were isolated and their treatment/survival depended on how well they could convince the guards that they had embraced communism Few prisoners chose to stay+ embrace it |
| Uncertainty can lead people to feel vulnerable to the influence of others= this has been used to encourage false confessions | Eg Kassin+Kiechel 1996 students asked to type fast on a keyboard + warned not to touch the ALT key or else the computer will crash+important data will be lost The computer crashed after a certain amount of time 69% were prepared to sign a confession=likely that this occurs during real interrogations |
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