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Flashcards

Urinaylsis

Pandalover123 English 80 cards

Cards in this deck (80)

  1. 1Four methods of Urine CollectionPatient Voiding
    Manual Expression
    Urinary catheterization
    cystocentesis
  2. 2Voided Collection (Hospitalized Animal)animal on raised grate
    after voiding,collect from cage floor with syringe
    Metabolism cage made with slanted floor to funnel voided urine
  3. 3collection devices of void urinepaper cup,specimen cup, ladle etc.
  4. 4Voided Collectiona.k.a "free catch"
    For routine UA
    Bacteria,cells and debris (hair,skin & urethra)
    initial portion > concentration of contaminants
    use midstream catch if possible
    cleanse vulva or prepuce before collection
    use two containers (initial and midstream)
  5. 5Voided Collection (Cats)Litter pan cover with plastic bag
    if cat prefers to urinate in litter type material (NoSorb & Strips of wax paper)
    Pads to capture urine, carpet, diapers, shredded newspaper, etc.(not ideal)
  6. 6Manual Expressionusually done on cats
    adequate for routine UA
    may be difficult in males
    may be difficult or easy w/ neurological impairment
    never attempt w/ suspected obstruction
  7. 7Catheterizationsuitable for culture
    relieves urethral obstruction
    empty bladder
    aseptically and atraumatically as possible
    easy aspirate into syringe attached to exposed end of catheter
    pass rubber ,plastic or metal tube through urethra into bladder
    type and size depend on sex/species
  8. 8Drawbacks of catheterizationurethral inflammation
    introduce UTI
    must be aseptically performed
  9. 9Cystocentesispercutaneous aspiration of urine from bladder
    used empty bladder if cannot catheterize
    can use for bacterial culture and sensitivity
    aseptic technique
  10. 10Client-Collected Samplesusually unsatisfactory
    extended periods of time between collection & testing
    discourage pet from voiding for 2-3 hours before collection at clinic
  11. 11Sample Perseverationshould be analyzed within 30 mins
    refrigerate additional 6-12 hours
    centrifuge immediately for cytological evaluation
    can be preserved by adding formalin, toluene, or phenol(changes may occur to analyses)
  12. 12Sample Preservation Degradation of urine components overtime (Increases)Ammonia
    Bacteria
    hemolyzed blood
    pH (may decrease)
    protein (may decrease)
  13. 13Sample Preservation Degradation of urine components overtime (decreases)bilirubin
    ketones
    glucose
    WBC
    urobilinogen
  14. 14Sample Preservation Degradation of urine components overtime (disappear )casts
  15. 15Sample Preservation Degradation of urine components overtime (darkens)color
  16. 16Sample Preservation Degradation of urine components overtime ( hemolyze)Erythrocytes
  17. 17Sample Preservation Degradation of urine components overtime (appear)Nitrites
  18. 18Sample Preservation Degradation of urine components overtime (develops)Turbidity
  19. 19Urinalysis (Indications )polydypsia
    polyuria
    dysuria
    stranguria
    pollakiuria
    hematuria
    periuria
  20. 20physical properties of urinecolor
    clarity
    pH
    volume
    SG
  21. 21chemical constituents of urineprotein
    glucose
  22. 22Components of UAphysical
    chemical
    sediment
  23. 23UA (color) Yellow/amberdue to uroblilin
  24. 24UA (color) Affected byconcentration
    food
    dyes
    blood
  25. 25UA (color)usually correlates with SG
    lighter urine = lower SG
    Darker urine = higher SG
  26. 26UA (color) yellow-brown to greenish foamcontains bile
  27. 27UA (color) red or reddish-brownhematuria
    hemoglobinuria
    some species normally have orange to reddish-brown urine (i.e. rabbits)
  28. 28UA (clarity)normal clear/transparent
  29. 29UA (clarity) cloudycellular debris
    epithelial cells
    alkaline urine w/ crystal precipitation
    UTI-bacteria ( often concurrent w/ alkalinity and WBCs)
    casts,mucus,semen,lipids
    on standing urine becomes more cloudy w/ increased bacteria & crystal formation
  30. 30UA (clarity) Species with normally turbid urinehorse-calcium carbonate crystals & mucus
    rabbit,hamster & guinea pigs-calcium salts
    cattle urine will form calcium carbonate crystals on standing
  31. 31UA (Odor)ammonia odor
    fruity odor
    foul odor
  32. 32UA (odor) Ammoniaold specimen & bacterial proliferation
  33. 33UA (odor) Fruity odorketones
  34. 34UA (odor) Foul odorurinary tract infection
  35. 35UA (odor)strong odor typical of mice,tom cats, goats and pigs
  36. 36UA (specific gravity) Normal dogs1.025 (1.018-1.045)
  37. 37UA (specific gravity) Normal cats1.030 (1.020-1.040)
  38. 38UA (specific gravity) Normal equine1.035
  39. 39UA (specific gravity) Normal cattle & swine1.015
  40. 40UA (specific gravity) Normal sheep1.030
  41. 41UA (specific gravity) Fixed SGloss of both concentrating and diluting function
    maintenance of constant osmolality or urine regardless changes in osmotic pressure of blood
  42. 42UA (specific gravity) Isosthenuriafixed SG
  43. 43UA low SGdiabetes insipidus impaired ADH
    loss concentrating ability (renal disease)
    increased fluid intake
  44. 44UA (specific gravity) hypostenurialow SG
  45. 45UA (specific gravity) hypersthenuriahigh SG
  46. 46UA (specific gravity) high specific gravityadrenal insufficiency (impaired aldosterone)
    hepatic disease
    congestive heart failure
    dehydration
    decreased fluid intake
  47. 47Hypersthenuria (cats)SG >@1.035
  48. 48Hypersthenuria (dogs)SG >@1.030
  49. 49Hypersthenuria (large animals)SG>@1.025
  50. 50UA (normal volume)1-2 ml/kg/hour
  51. 51UA Polyuriaincreased daily urine output
    increased fluid intake
    diuretics
    nervousness/anxiety
  52. 52UA Oliguriareduced daily urine output
    decreased fluid intake or excess fluid loss
    increased salt ingestion
    renal shutdown
    obstruction of urine flow
  53. 53UA Anuriano urine production
    renal shutdown
    usually associated with obstruction
  54. 54UA (pH)used to assess acid base balance
    pH expresses hydrogen ion concentration or acidity
    reagent strips most commonly used
    often affected by diet
  55. 55UA pH reagent stripsmethyl red
    bromthymol blue
  56. 56UA (pH) herbivoresalkaline 7-8.5
  57. 57UA (pH carnivores)6-7
  58. 58UA (pH omnivores)have either alkaline or acidic
  59. 59UA (pH acidic urine)high protein diet
    acidosis /uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
  60. 60UA (pH alkaline urine)after meals -alkaline tide
    high vegetable diets
    UTI
    renal tubular acidosis
  61. 61Renal tubular acidosisaccumulation of acid in the body due to failure of kidneys to acidify urine
  62. 62two reasons why renal tubular acidosis occurstubules do not reabsorb enough bicarbonate from filtrate PCT
    or
    tubules may not secrete enough H+ ions into the filtrate in DCT
  63. 63UA (pH) Higher readingsloss of CO2 samples w/ left open and standing at room temperature
    standing urine containing urease-producing bacteria
  64. 64UA (pH ) Lower readingshighly acidic urine a false reduction of pH may result b/c dripping from the protein reagent pad onto the pH reagent pad
  65. 65Glucose: Glucosuria or Glycosuriablood levels of glucose exceed renal threshold @ 200 mg/dL
  66. 66Glucose testenzymatic tests specific for glucose
  67. 67Glucose exceeding 200 mg/ dL indicatesrenal glucosuria
    diabetes mellitus increased volume with high specific gravity as an attempt to rid blood of excess glucose
  68. 68ketonuriainadequate carbohydrates in diet or defects in carbohydrate metabolism
    as a result increased fat metabolism leads to formation of ketone bodies
    caused by diabetes mellitus
  69. 693 ketone bodiesacetones , acetoacetic acid & b-hydroxybutyric acid
    all present in same relative concentration
  70. 70other body conditions that cause formation ketonessevere anorexia & starvation
  71. 71ketogenesisoccurs in hepatocyte mitochondria
  72. 72Rothera's Testnitroprusside + acetone or acetoacetic
  73. 73two methods of detecting proteinuriacolorimetric = dipstick method
    precipitation method = sulfosalicylic acid (SSA)
  74. 74Detecting Proteinuria colorimetric method (dipstick)usually tetrabromophenol blue on colorimetric reagent strip
  75. 75Detecting proteinuria SSA lab test procedure1. centrifuge urine
    2. add 2.5 ml of supernatant to 7.5 ml of 3% sulfosalicylic acid
    3. degree of turbidity correlates to protein
  76. 76Detecting proteinuria clear0mg/dL
  77. 77Detecting proteinuria opalescent1-10 mg/dL
  78. 78Detecting proteinuria can read print through tube5-30 mg/dL
  79. 79Detecting proteinuria degree of turbidity = protein can read only black ines40-100 mg/ dL
  80. 80Detecting proteinuria no visible black lines150-500 mg / dL

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Flashcards on Urinaylsis, created by Pandalover123 on 24/07/2014.
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