10982587
Description
Flashcards by Alexandra Bozan, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Alexandra Bozan
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| shapes of bones | long, flat and irregular |
| articulation / joint | area where a bone meets another bone |
| types of freely moveable joints | 1. ball & socket: shoulder/hip 2. condyloid: wrist, joints connecting finters to palms 3. gliding: carpal/tarsal bones 4. hinge: elbow, knee, ankle 5. pivot joint: between the atlas/axis of the neck 6. saddle joint: between trapezium/metacarpal of the thumb |
| types of joints | fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial |
| types of joint movement | synarthrosis: immovable amphiarthrosis: slightly movable diarthrosis: freely moveable |
| synarthrosis: immovable | no joint cavity, fibrous connective tissue between bones. i.e. sutures between bones of skull |
| amphiarthrosis: slightly movable | no joint cavity; cartilage between bones: i.e. pubic symphysis; joints between bodies of vertebrae |
| diarthrosis: freely moveable | joint cavity containing synovial fluid. i.e. gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball & socket |
| ligaments | tough, fibrous bands of connective tissue that bind joints together and connect bones and cartilage |
| tendons | strong, flexibe, inelastic fibrous bands and flattened sheets of connective tissue that attach muscle to bone |
| cartilage | hard, nonvacular connective tissue found in the joints as well as in the nose, ear, thorax, trachea, and larynx. function as a shock absorber, provides smooth surface that reduces friction between the moving parts of the joint |
| 3 types of muscles | skeletal, cardiac and smooth/visceral |
| muscles have 2 differing points of attachment | 1. point of origin: attachment of a muscle to the more stationary bone 2. point of insertion: attachment to the more movable bone |
| afferent neurons | convey info from receptors in the periphery of the body to the CNS |
| efferent | convey the response from the CNS to skeletal muscles by way of the somatic nervous system |
| postural reflexes | group of reflexes that maintain body position and equilibrium, whether at rest or during movement |
| postural tonus | the sustained contraction of select skeletal muscles that keeps the body in an upright position against the force of gravity |
| postural tonus depends on | labyrinthine sense, proprioceptor/kinetic sense, visual or optic reflexes, extensor/stretch reflexes |
| labyrinthine sense | sense of position, orientation and movement |
| proprioceptor/kinetic sense | sensing location of a limb or body part |
| extensor/stretch reflexes | when extensor muscles are stretched beyond a certain point, their stimulation causes a reflex contraction that aids a person to reestablish erect posture |
| body mechanics | use of proper body position to provide protection from the stress of movement and activity, specifically in regard to structure, function and position of the body |
| patient care ergonomics | the practice of designing equipment/work tasks to conform to the capacity of the worker in relation to patient care |
| orthopedics | the correction/prevention of disorders of body structure used in locomotion |
| tonus | state of slight contraction, the usual state of skeletal muscles |
| contractures | permanent contraction of a muscle |
| osteoarthritis / degenerative joint disease | most common type. noninflammatory, progressive disorder of movable joints, particulary weight bearing joints, characterized by the deterioration of articular cartilage and pain with motion |
| sprain | occurs w/the wrenching/twisting of a joint, resulting in a partial tear or rupture to its attachment |
| dislocation | displacment of a bone from a joint w/tearing of ligaments, tendons and capsules |
| negative nitrogen balance | larger breakdown of protein than that which is manufactured leads to this |
| flat effect | when a person's face registers no emotion |
| muscle contraction types | isotonic, isometric and isokinetic |
| isotonic exercise | involves muscle shortening and active movement (walking, jogging, etc.) |
| isometric exercise | muscle contractions w/out shortening. no movement or only a minimum shortening of muscle fibers |
| isokinetic exercise | muscle contractions w/resistance. lifting weight. |
| fibrinolysin | substance that breaks up small clots |
| RICE | rest, ice, compress, elevate |
| primary and serious effects of immobility on the cardiovascular system | increased cardiac workload, orthostatic hypotension, venous stasis, venous thrombosis |
| ankylosis | consolidation and immobilization of a joint. can be fixed. |
| crepitation | palpable or audible crunching or grating sensation produced by motion of the joint |
| flaccidity | hypotonicity; decreased tone |
| spasticity | hypertonicity, increased tone that interferes w/movement |
| paresis | impaired muscle strength or weakness |
| paralysis | absence of strength secondary to nervous impairment |
| hemiplegia | paralysis of one half of the body |
| paraplegia | pralysis of the legs |
| quadriplegia | paralysis of the arms/legs |
| transfer board | made of smooth, rigid, low-friction material providing a slick surface for the patient during transfers, reducing friction, and the force required to move the patient |
| Broken or gatched beds | mattress if flexed at the level of the knee. rarely recommended, can cause pressure on the politeal space, resulting in impaired circulation to the lower extrimity and an increased risk for clot formation |
| footdrop | greatest danger to the feet; the foot is unable to maintain itself in the perpendicular position. patien experiences extreme difficulty in walking |
| cradle | usually a metal frame that supports the bed linens away from the patient |
| sandbags | immobilize extremity and support body alignment |
| trochanter rolls | used to support hips and legs so that the femurs do not rotate outward. require frequent adjustment to be effective |
| hand-wrist splints or hand rolls | if a patient is paralyzed or unconscious; provide a means for keeping the thumb in the correct position, slightly adducted and in apposition to the fingers |
| Fowler's | 45 - 60 degree |
| High Fowler's | 90 degree |
| Low Fowler's | 30 degrees |
| graduated compression stockings | used for patients at risk for deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and to help prevent phlebitis. they apply pressure, increasing the velocity of blood flow in the superficial/deep veins and improve venous valve function in the legs, promoting venous return to the heart |
| logrolling | used when a patient has a spinal injury or is recovering from neck, back, or spinal injury |
| cupping | placing a cupped hand under the joint to support it |
| cradling | supporting the joint w/one hand while cradling the distal portion of the extremity w/the remaining arm |
| one nurse ambulate assist | Stand at the patient's side and place both hands at the patient's waist. grasp the belt securely in the back and walk behind and slightly to the side of the patient |
| single ended canes with half-circle handles | for patients requiring minimal support and those who will be using stairs |
| single ended canes w/straing handles | patients w/hand weakness because the handrip is easier to hold |
| tripod or quad cane | provides a wide base of support for patients w/poor balance |
| holding a cane | hold cane in the opposite hand from the leg with the most severe deficit |
| types of crutches | axiallary (temporary restrictions) and forearm (permanent limitations) |
| walking w/cane | 1. stand w/weigh evenly distributed between feet and cane 2. cane held on the patient's stronger side and advanced 4 - 12 inches 3. supporting weight on the stronger leg and the cane, patient advances weaker foot forward next to cane 4. patient advances stronger leg forward ahead of the cane (slightly beyond) 5. weaker leg is moved forward until even w/stronger leg |
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